tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16397706632264717462024-03-26T23:37:50.603-07:00NotePad KuliahIni merupakan coretan coretan kecil yang penulis dapat di bangku kuliah Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger65125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-11461416958362218782012-10-29T20:22:00.000-07:002012-10-29T20:22:38.783-07:00PENGARUH PERUBAHAN TEGANGAN TERHADAP PUTARAN MOTOR INDUKSI<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGARUH PERUBAHAN TEGANGAN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TERHADAP PUTARAN MOTOR INDUKSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat mengetahui pengaruh perubahan tegangan terhadap putaran motor
induksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat mengetahui pengaruh perubahan tegangan terhadap putaran motor
induksi dengan frekuensi tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat mengetahui pengaruh kecepatan motor antara tegangan rendah dan
tegangan tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat menegatahui grafik perubahan tegangan terhadap putaran motor
induksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
universal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Autotrafo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AVO
meter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tachometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
Induksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
induksi merupakan motor yang paling umum
digunakan pada berbagai peralatan industri. Popularitasnya karena rancangannya
yang sederhana, murah dan mudah didapat, dan dapat langsung disambungkan ke
sumber daya AC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
induksi memiliki dua komponen listrik utama (Gambar 4):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rotor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor induksi menggunakan dua jenis
rotor: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rotor kandang tupai terdiri dari batang
penghantar tebal yangdilekatkan dalam petak-petak slots paralel.
Batang-batang tersebut diberi hubungan pendek pada kedua ujungnya dengan alat
cincin hubungan pendek. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkaran rotor yang memiliki gulungan
tiga fase, lapisan ganda dan terdistribusi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat melingkar sebanyak kutub
stator. Tiga fase digulungi kawat pada
bagian dalamnya dan ujung yang lainnya dihubungkan ke cincin kecil yang
dipasang pada batang as dengan sikat
yang menempel padanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stator.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stator
dibuat dari sejumlah stampings
dengan slots untuk membawa gulungan tiga fase. Gulungan
ini dilingkarkan untuk sejumlah kutub yang tertentu. Gulungan diberi spasi
geometri sebesar 120 derajat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar Motor induksi (Automated
Building)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
motor induksi <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
induksi dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok utama (Parekh, 2003): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor induksi satu fase. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor ini hanya memiliki satu gulungan stator, beroperasi dengan pasokan daya satu
fase, memiliki sebuah rotor kandang tupai, dan memerlukan sebuah alat untuk
menghidupkan motornya. Sejauh ini motor ini merupakan jenis motor yang paling
umum digunakan dalam peralatan rumah tangga, seperti fan angin, mesin cuci dan
pengering pakaian, dan untuk penggunaan hingga 3 sampai 4 Hp. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Motor induksi tiga fase. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medan
magnet yang berputar dihasilkan oleh pasokan tiga fase yang seimbang. Motor tersebut memiliki kemampuan daya yang
tinggi, dapat memiliki kandang tupai atau gulungan rotor (walaupun 90% memiliki
rotor kandang tupai); dan penyalaan sendiri. Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 70%
motor di industri menggunakan jenis ini,
sebagai contoh, pompa, kompresor, belt conveyor, jaringan listrik , dan
grinder. Tersedia dalam ukuran 1/3 hingga ratusan Hp. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan
motor induksi <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor
induksi bekerja sebagai berikut. Listrik
dipasok ke stator yang akan menghasilkan medan magnet. Medan magnet ini
bergerak dengan kecepatan sinkron disekitar rotor. Arus rotor menghasilkan
medan magnet kedua, yang berusaha untuk
melawan medan magnet stator, yang menyebabkan rotor berputar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun
begitu, didalam prakteknya motor tidak pernah bekerja pada kecepatan sinkron
namun pada “kecepatan dasar” yang lebih rendah. Terjadinya perbedaan antara dua
kecepatan tersebut disebabkan adanya “slip/geseran” yang meningkat dengan
meningkatnya beban. Slip hanya terjadi pada motor induksi. Untuk menghindari
slip dapat dipasang sebuah cincin geser/
slip ring, dan motor tersebut dinamakan “motor cincin geser/ slip ring motor”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menghitung persentase slip/geseran (Parekh, 2003): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ns
= kecepatan sinkron dalam RPM <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nb
= kecepatan dasar dalam RPM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
antara beban, kecepatan dan torque <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
5 menunjukan grafik torque-kecepatan motor induksi AC tiga fase dengan arus
yang sudah ditetapkan. Bila motor (Parekh, 2003): <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai menyala ternyata terdapat arus
nyala awal yang tinggi dan torque yang rendah (“pull-up torque”). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mencapai 80% kecepatan penuh, torque berada
pada tingkat tertinggi (“pull-out torque”) dan arus mulai turun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kecepatan penuh, atau kecepatan
sinkron, arus torque dan stator turun ke nol.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:186.75pt;
height:140.25pt;visibility:visible'>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Grafik Torgue-
kecepatan motor induksi AC 3 fase<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Parekh, 2003<i>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
kerja Motor Induksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor induksi
adalah alat listrik yang mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik. Listrik yang diubah adalah
listrik 3 phasa. Motor induksi sering juga disebut motor tidak serempak atau
motor asinkron. Prinsip kerja motor induksi lihat Gambar 5.4. Ketika
tegangan phasa U masuk ke belitan stator
menjadikan kutub S (south = selatan), garis-garis gaya magnet mengalir melalui
stator, sedangkan dua kutub lainnya adalah N (north = utara) untuk phasa V dan
phasa W. Kompas akan saling tarik-menarik dengan kutub S. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikutnya kutub
S pindah ke phasa V, kompas berputar 120°, dilanjutkan kutub S pindah ke phasa
W, sehingga pada belitan stator timbul medan magnet putar. Buktinya kompas akan
memutar lagi menjadi 240°. Kejadian berlangsung silih berganti membentuk medan
magnet putar sehingga kompas berputar dalam satu putaran penuh, proses ini berlangsung
terus menerus. Dalam motor induksi kompas digantikan oleh rotor sangkar yang akan
berputar pada porosnya. Karena ada perbedaan putaran antara medan putar stator dengan
putaran rotor, maka disebut motor induksi tidak serempak atau motor asinkron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan belitan stator
motor induksi dengan dua kutub, memiliki tiga belitan yang masing-masing
berbeda sudut 120° Gambar 5.5. Ujung belitan phasa pertama U1- U2, belitan
phasa kedua V1-V2 dan belitan phasa ketiga W1-W2. Prinsip kerja motor induksi
dijelaskan dengan gelombang sinusoidal Gambar 5.6, terbentuknya medan putar
pada stator motor induksi. Tampak stator dengan dua kutub, dapat diterangkan
dengan empat kondisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:308.25pt;height:106.5pt;
visibility:visible'>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar.
Bentuk gelombang sinusoida dan timbulnya medan putar pada stator motor induksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
sudut 0°. Arus I1 bernilai positip dan arus I2 dan arus I3 bernilai negatip dalam
halini belitan V2, U1 dan W2 bertanda silang (arus meninggalkan pembaca), dan
belitan V1,U2 dan W1 bertanda titik (arus listrik menuju pembaca). Terbentuk
fluk magnet pada garis horizontal sudut 0°. Kutub S (south = selatan) dan kutub
N (north = utara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
sudut 120°. Arus I2 bernilai positip sedangkan arus I1 dan arus I3 bernilai
negatip, dalam hal ini belitan W2, V1, dan U2 bertanda silang (arus
meninggalkan pembaca), dankawat W1, V2, dan U1 bertanda titik (arus menuju
pembaca). Garis fluk magnit kutub S dan N bergeser 120° dari posisi awal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
sudut 240°. Arus I3 bernilai positip dan I1 dan I2 bernilai negatip, belitan
U2, W1,dan V2 bertanda silang (arus meninggalkan pembaca), dan kawat U1, W2,
dan V bertanda titik (arus menuju pembaca). Garis fluk magnit kutub S dan N
bergeser 120° dari posisikedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
sudut 360°. posisi ini sama dengan saat sudut 0°, di mana kutub S dan N kembali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keposisi awal sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar Rangkaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah
Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
alat dan bahan yang akan digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merangkaian
rangkaian sesuai dengan gambar rangkaian yang ditentukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengamati
rangkaian apakah sudah sesui dengan gambar rangkaian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
tegangan regulator sesuai dengan ketentuan asisten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
putaran motor dengan tachometer kemudian mencatat hasilnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengulangi
percobaan dengan variasi tegangan yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.Tabel
Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -26.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 258px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan (V)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putaran motor (RPM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1308<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1389<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1449<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1469<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1478<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1482<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1486<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1488<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1489<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">140<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">150<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">160<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1491<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">170<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">180<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">190<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">210<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.75pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">220<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.9pt;" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1492<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.Grafik
Tabel Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data perubahan tegangan tersebut terlihat bahwa
adanya perubahan tegangan mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan kecepatan. Seperti
dalam teori yang dibahas sebelumnya, bahwa kopel sebanding dengan pangkat dua
tegangan yang diberikan terminal primernya. Maka saat tegangan diturunkan,
kopel yang diterima rotor juga akan ikut turun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan kopel yang diterima oleh rotor ini akan
mengakibatkan kecepatan putaran motor juga akan berkurang sesuai dengan
penurunan tegangan. Hal inilah yang menjadi dasar pengaturan kecepatan motor dengan
mengubah sumber tegangan (line voltage control). Dalam pengaturan putaran dengan
mengubah tegangan ini masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan yang timbul. Dimana
dalam pengaturan ini kadang diperoleh
putaran yang tidak stabil (berubah-ubah) terutama untuk putaran rendah. Hal ini
terjadi karena motor yang digunakan adalah motor dengan tegangan stabil.
Sehingga saat tegangan diturunkan, putaran motor menjadi tidak stabil, karena
motor akan berputar dengan sempurna pada tegangan yang diperkenakan yang telah
ditentukan dalam plat penunjuk daya (name plate) yang sudah disesuaikan pada
motor tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkain
pengaturan tegangan pada autotrafo dapat digunakan sebagai pengatur kecepatan
putaran motor induksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
mengubah tegangan sumber perubahan kenaikan kecepatan terlihat seperti gambar
4.1 Grafik karakteristik perubahan tegangan terhadap kecepatan berbentuk garis
linear Besarnya prosentase kenaikan
kecepatan dari tegangan 100 Volt
/ 50 Hz sampai 215 Volt / 50 Hz terjadi kenaikan kecepatan sebesar 53,07 %.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semakin
besar tegangan yang dinaikkan, maka putaran motor semakin cepat, dan sebaliknya
semakin kecil tegangan yang diberikan maka semakin pelan putaran motor sehingga
arus starting motor menjadi kecil dan drop tegangan masih dalam batas toleransi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wijatmiko, Titis. 2007. <i>Rancang bangun alat pengatur kecepatan motor
universal pada sewing machine motor</i>. Tugas akhir : Universitas Negeri
Semarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pedoman Efisiensi Energi untuk Industri
di Asia. <a href="http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/">www.energyefficiencyasia.org</a>
diakses tanggal 7 september 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-81189104798512602802012-06-22T17:07:00.002-07:002012-06-22T17:15:49.235-07:00Line Tracer Desain and Contest (LTDC) UM 2012<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
TEMA </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
" SEMANGAT MUDA ROBOT INDONESIA "</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5a6hFdOGh_FGpqpFXYs4zIay3KdRAbVftIvze1nemO1nUnJl4R8LCjLGxLIiuawaVb9w2Kl3XLCeM1QPk_jJhL8gOscEJ40GuFdl8fY0p3wuohVsG3lhSJDaXm0j37Ono1fLUoM6lWHDo/s1600/LTDC2012+poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5a6hFdOGh_FGpqpFXYs4zIay3KdRAbVftIvze1nemO1nUnJl4R8LCjLGxLIiuawaVb9w2Kl3XLCeM1QPk_jJhL8gOscEJ40GuFdl8fY0p3wuohVsG3lhSJDaXm0j37Ono1fLUoM6lWHDo/s320/LTDC2012+poster.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>PESERTA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kategori Pelajar:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Peserta masih berstatus sebagai siswa SMA,SMK, dan MA se-derajat di seluruh Jawa dan Bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jumlah tim dari tiap sekolah maksimum 3 tim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Setiap tim maksimal terdiri dari 2 orang. Setiap individu hanya diperbolehkan terdaftar pada satu tim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pendaftaran dimulai bulan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Juni 2012 dan paling lambat bulan September 2012 atau jika kuota terpenuhi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jumlah peserta maksimum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">7</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">0<span style="color: red;"> </span>team.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kategori Mahasiswa:</span></b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1639770663226471746" name="more"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Peserta masih berstatus sebagai Mahasiswa di seluruh Jawa dan Bali.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Setiap tim maksimal terdiri dari 2 orang. Setiap individu hanya diperbolehkan terdaftar pada satu tim.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Anggota tim yang didelegasikan harus dalam satu perguruan tinggi yang sama.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pendaftaran dimulai pada bulan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Juni 2012 dan paling lambat bulan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> September 201</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2 atau jika kuota terpenuhi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jumlah peserta maksimum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> 50<span style="color: red;"> </span>team.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<b>HADIAH</b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pemenang tiap kategori.</span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Juara I = Piagam + Tropi + Uang Hadiah Rp. 2.000.000,-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Juara II = Piagam + Tropi + Uang Hadiah Rp.1.000.000,-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Best Design =</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> Piagam+</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> Uang Hadiah Rp. 500.000,-</span></li>
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<b>FASILITAS</b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3 kali hak bertanding</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1 makan siang dan 1 kali snack untuk tiap peserta per hari</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kaos</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Id card dan souvenir untuk tiap peserta</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ruang gedung <i>exclusive AC</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Informasi penginapan bagi peserta area luar Malang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Hiburan</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">PELAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">LTDC dilaksanakan pada hari Rabu, 10 Oktober 2012 s/d Kamis, 11 Oktober 2012 yang dimulai pukul 07.00 sampai dengan 22.00 setiap harinya dan bertempat di Gedung Sasana Budaya Universitas Negeri Malang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jl. Semarang no.5 Universitas Negeri Malang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<b>PENDAFTARAN</b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pendaftaran langsung</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pendaftaran langsung dapat dilaksanakan di sekretariat WS’E (Workshop Elektro), Kompleks Ormawa FT</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">UM</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jl.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Semarang no.5, depan masjid</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> Al-Hikmah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> UM dengan persyaratan :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mengisi dan menyerahkan formulir pendaftaran yang dapat di </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">download</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">di web</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue;">www.wse-um.com</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Membayar uang pendaftaran,sebesar Rp </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">50.000,00.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Foto berwarna </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">x</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> masing-masing peserta tiap team.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Fotocopi KTP (kartu pelajar) atau KTM (kartu mahaiswa) masing-masing peserta tiap team.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pendaftaran online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mendownload formulir pendaftaran/ registrasi yang ada pada web </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><span lang="IN">www.wse-um.com</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mengirim email </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><a href="mailto:ltdc@wse-um.com" style="color: #c95f5f; text-decoration: none;">ltdc@wse-um.com</a> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> dengan format</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Subjek : <Regristrasi LTDC2011>, Pesan : <Nama Tim, Nama Sekolah(SMA/SMK) atau Nama Perguruan Tinggi(Mahasiswa), Nama-nama anggota tim>, dilampirkan formulir pendaftaran, scan bukti pembayaran/transfer, scan KTP (kartu pelajar) atau KTM (kartu mahasiswa), foto masing-masing peserta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Membayar uang pendaftaran sebesar Rp 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">0.000,- yang ditransfer ke nomor rekening</span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Bank BRI rek: 1229-01-001900-53-9 atas nama Dian Puspita Yulianti Kantor cabang 1229 kk Universitas Negeri Malang.</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mencantumkan scan foto berwarna masing-masing peserta tiap team.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mencantumkan/ mengupload scan KTP (kartu pelajar) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">atau KTM (kartu mahasiswa) </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">masing-masing peserta tiap team.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mencantumkan/ mengupload scan bukti pembayaran/transfer rekening asli.</span></div>
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<b>TECHNICAL MEETING</b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Technical Meeting akan diadakan pada hari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Selasa <b>(</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2 Oktober 2012</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">)<span style="color: red;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">di Aula<span style="color: red;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">gedung</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">H5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lantai 4 Fakultas Teknik </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">imulai pukul 08.00 sampai batas waktu yang tidak ditentukan. Untuk peserta yang tidak dapat mengikuti TM, hasil TM akan dicantumkan lewat website dan akan dikirimkan email pemberitahuan ke alamat email ketua kelompok masing-masing. TM ini akan diumumkan info mengenai pertandingan, jadwal acara, serta undian drawing/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">kelompok.</span></div>
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<br />
Info selengkapnya bisa sobat akses di:</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Website: <a href="http://www.wse-um.com/" style="color: #c95f5f; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span lang="IN">www.wse-um.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">e-mail : <span style="color: red;"><a href="mailto:ltdc@wse-um.com" style="color: #c95f5f; text-decoration: none;">ltdc@wse-um.com</a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Contact Person:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pratiwi Indah Sari</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">: 085736515393</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Gilang Ridzwanda E. G.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> : 085646653661</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pin Black Berry</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> 2750A109</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Presented by: ormawa whorkshop elektro UM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Terimakasih kepada Syifaul Fuada yang sudah mengirimkan infonya.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">NB ! Silahkan Copy paste, dengan tetap mencantumkan sumber dengan backlink ke blog info-lomba.com juga. Trims :-) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Follow twitter kami: </span><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/infolomba_indo" rel="nofollow" style="color: #c95f5f; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">@infolomba_indo</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-7507882325578924622012-04-24T07:38:00.002-07:002012-04-24T07:38:45.179-07:00Cari uang Rating dari Readbud.com<div style="text-align: center;">
<em style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">GRATIS $50 hanya dengan MEMBACA ARTICLE dan Melakukan Rating </strong></em><em style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">, MAU ??</strong></em></div>
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<a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672"><img alt="readbud - get paid to read and rate articles" border="0" src="http://www.readbud.com/images/728_90_banner.jpg" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Readbud.com adalah website dimana Anda bisa membaca artikel dan mendapat bayaran. Yes tentu saja mudah sekali bagi Anda untuk mendapatkan dollar di sana, cukup mendaftar gratis di readbud kemudian cek email anda sebagai tanda konfirmasi, kemudian login ke member Areanya, lalu mulailah memilih kategori artikel yang paling menarik bagi Anda. Setelah itu mulailah membaca artikel readbud satu demi satu, dan jangan lupa beri rate bintang untuk setiap artikel yang Anda baca disana, maka readbud akan mulai membayar Anda.</span></div>
</span></h3>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Bisnis ini gratis, bro cuma perlu meluangkan waktu saja 5 menit sehari, bila bro merasa waktu bro adalah segalanya atau waktu adalah “uang”, jangan joint. Tidak ada paksaan di sini.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Pemahaman</span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
1. kita di bayar $0,04-$0,20 per artikel yang kita rate dan baca</div>
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
2. minimal payoutnya $50 via paypal</div>
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
3. kita bisa ngerate sekitar 20-24an artikel per hari</div>
</span></span></h3>
</div>
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<embed allowscriptaccess="always" height="90" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="high" src="http://www.readbud.com/images/728_90_banner.swf?clickTAG=http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="728" wmode="transparent"></embed>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">“Read and Rate interesting article to EARN MONEY”.</span></em></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Itulah inti cara dapat uangnya. </span></em>Jadi anda anda membaca ratusan article yang disediakan, kemudian VOTE !!</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nilai satu article rata-rata $0,06, jadi jika anda minimal membaca dan memVote 30 article saja ( total waktu untuk melakukannya sekitar 20 menit ) = $1.8 / Hari.</span></em></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bayangkan jika 1 bulan, maka = $1.8*30 = $ 60 setara dengan Rp. 600 ribu. Lumayan kan !!</span></em></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br /></span></em></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gabung gratis dapat bonus, refer temen dan vote artikel, payout cuma $50 melalui paypal, daftar disini :</span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">KLIK SINI ===> <a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672">Readbud.com</a></span></em></span></span></h3>
<div>
<a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="readbud - get paid to read and rate articles" border="0" src="http://www.readbud.com/images/468_60_banner.jpg" /></a><i><br /></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Cara Kerjanya :</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">1.Daftar memakai email yang terdaftar di paypal (untuk
menghindari kecurigaan admin saja, biar tidak dikira klonengan)</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">2.Trus buka email dari READBUD, diklik link untuk
Complete Registration.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">3.Trus klik INTEREST, pilih sesuai keinginan, YANG FONT
TEBAL HARUS DIPILIH, sisanya terserah.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">4.Klik ARTICLE</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">5.Klik Open Article (akan terbuka di tab/window baru),
baca sebentar, trus kasih rating diantara 1 sd 5, trus diclose aja kalo udah
dirate.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">6.Ulangi nomor 5 sampe habis article dihari itu.</span></span></span></h3>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672"><img alt="readbud - get paid to read and rate articles" border="0" src="http://www.readbud.com/images/468_60_banner.jpg" /></a>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Kalo udah habis, klik salah satu iklan di google
adsense sampai terbuka penuh, itu untuk supaya agar biar READBUD bisa exist /
survive lebih panjang dan lama.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">selesai, tunggu besok, ulangi mulai nomor 4 kalo gk mw
ganti INTEREST, kalo INTEREST-nya mw diganti, mulainya nomor 3 (nb : INTEREST
bisa diganti setiap 24 jam)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h3>
<div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gabung gratis dapat bonus, refer temen dan vote artikel, payout cuma $50 melalui paypal, daftar disini :</span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">KLIK SINI ===> <a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672">Readbud.com</a></span></em></span></span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br /></em></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.readbud.com/?ref=6353672" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="readbud - get paid to read and rate articles" border="0" src="http://www.readbud.com/images/468_60_banner.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></h3>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-82935095927118990272012-04-24T02:09:00.000-07:002012-04-24T02:14:18.817-07:00Apa itu NeoBux.com ?<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C"><img height="60" src="http://images.neobux.com/imagens/banner9.gif" width="468" /></a>
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Mungkin masih banyak sekali yang belum tau <strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">apa itu Neobux </strong>walaupun ketika bermain atau visitasi ke sebuah blog terdapat banner mengenai <b><a href="http://www.neobux.com/?r=bustan0el">Neobux.</a></b></div>
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http://images.neobux.com/imagens/banner9.gif
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">apa itu Neobux</strong> ?</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;">Penasaran dengan <strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">apa itu <a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C">Neobux</a></strong> mungkin membawa anda secara tidak sengaja dibawa oleh om Google dari hasil pencarian memasuki ranah blog aneh ini. Lalu supaya tidak bertele-tele mengenai <strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">apa itu Neobux</strong>, mari saya jelaskan kepada anda penjelasan mengenai <strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">apa itu <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_482762294">Neobux</a></strong><a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C">.</a></span></div>
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Neobux merupakan sebuah situs PTC, dan PTC itu sendiri berarti paid to click yang mempunyai definisi situs yang akan membayar kepada user / member untuk membaca iklan mereka dalam jangka waktu yang telah ditentukan sampai terdapat notice tulisan yang menyatakan iklan kita sah dibayar, rata2 membayar $0.01 per iklan.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mengapa harus<a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C"> Neobux</a>?</b> </div>
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Waktu telah membuktikan bahwa situs ini masih sehat karena pembayaran yang terus mereka lakukan tanpa mengalami kendala. Di saat berbagai situs PTC ambruk dan menjadi scam, malahan situs ini makin menyedot pemakainya, bahkan boleh dikatakan kalau situs ini telah menjadi nomor satu di dunia dalam peringkat situs PTC paling sehat saat ini.</div>
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Di samping website yang membayar kita untuk mengclick iklan mereka, ada beberapa situs lainnya yg masih dalam kondisi lumayan sehat yaitu Bux.Gs dan Freebirdbux walaupun saya tidak memberikan garansi 100%. Jika kamu punya Paypal atau AlertPay, kamu bisa langsung mendaftarkan diri ke Neobux, jika masih belum punya, sebenarnya kamu masih tetap bisa mendaftarkan diri dulu sembari membikin akun Paypal baru.</div>
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<b>Bagaimana cara kerja kita?</b><br />
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<a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img height="60" src="http://images.neobux.com/imagens/banner9.gif" width="468" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong style="font-style: italic;">a. </strong>Klik iklan ( dari mulai bergabung hingga kini ) belum ada yang bolong-bolong – artinya saya klik iklan terus tanpa henti. Itu sudah menjadi komitment saya sejak mau bergabung dengan neobux.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">( ini penting karena jika anda telah memiliki referal, agar referal tersebut menghasilkan uang untuk anda, maka syaratnya anda juga harus klik iklan. Ini artinya anda sendiri juga harus kerja jangan hanya mengandalkan kerja referal saja…..)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>b</b>. Maintain Referal</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">– Recycle Referal yang malas klik ( biaya $0.07 )</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">- Renewal Referal yang mau habis masa kontraknya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">- Tiap minggu saya akan tambah jumlah referal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">– Auto Pay saya setting ON ( Enable ).</span></div>
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<em><strong>CARA DAFTAR NEOBUX UNTUK PEMULA :</strong></em></div>
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<strong><em>KLIK disini ===> <a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C">Daftar disini</a></em></strong></div>
<a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img height="60" src="http://images.neobux.com/imagens/banner9.gif" width="468" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nah tiap iklan di klik akan muncul tanda bulatan merah. Tanda itu harus diklik. Bulatan merah itu adalah suatu sistim untuk menghindari robot software yang bisa mengclick otomatis. Setelah itu akan terbuka sebuah iklan. Kemudian tunggu sampai muncul tanda bar progress yang akan berubah warnanya menjadi kuning. Jika telah selesai semua bar berwarna kuning itu berarti telah selesai waktu 30 detiknya. Setelah itu akan terdapat tulisan yang menyatakan anda mendapat $0.01.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mudahkan kerjanya kita hanya santai dirumah sambil lihat internet, dan ini juga dapat kita gunakan untuk sampingan mencari uang....kalu kita tekun dan berkomomitmen pekerjaan ini bisa menjadi ladang penghasilan yang tetap....</span></div>
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<div style="color: #505050; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b><u>Nah setelah terkumpul secukupnya, kita tinggal transfer dana dari Paypal ke rekening Bank kita di Indonesia ( BCA, Mandiri dll ). Setelah payout, tentu saja rekening kita di Neobux akan manjadi $0.00. Dan kita mulai lagi dari awal.</u></b></span></span></div>
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<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;"><em>AYOOO . . . JOIN DI SINI SEGERA & DAPATKAN PENGHASILAN </em></strong></div>
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<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;"><em>ANDA===> <a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C">Daftar disini</a></em></strong></div>
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<a href="http://www.neobux.com/?rh=62757374616E30656C"><img height="60" src="http://images.neobux.com/imagens/banner9.gif" width="468" /></a>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-57881698604293447412012-04-24T01:25:00.001-07:002012-04-24T01:25:35.880-07:00Artikel Wisuda Jalan Untuk Sukses<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
setiap kehidupan ada perubahan, dimana hidup bergeser ke kehidupan lain.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>perubahan yang pertama dalam kehidupan
anak ketika ia / dia mulai berjalan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Yang
memberikan kebebasan anak untuk bertindak sendiri. Pergi ke sekolah adalah
perubahan lain, dan kelulusan merupakan salah satu bangunan yang lebih besar,
karena satu mendapatkan kebebasan untuk keluar di dunia dan mendapat nama baik
di dunia profesional.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sampai kita
menjadi sarjana, kita hanya memikirkan masa depan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Setelah lulus, kita mendapatkan
kekuatan untuk percaya dengan masa depan kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mengapa Wisuda merupakan faktor penting?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Dengan lulus, kita mendapatkan kualifikasi yang membuka banyak pintu bagi kita.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Wisuda juga membawa kita sejajar
dengan jutaan lulusan lain dan memberi kita bangga menjadi sarjana.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Ini perubahan pandangan kita terhadap
kehidupan dan tiba-tiba kita merasa bahwa kita adalah warga negara yang
bertanggung jawab yang harus membuat kontribusi kepada masyarakat dan juga
mengambil diri kita maju dalam hidup untuk mencapai impian kita.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sampai beberapa abad yang lalu, ketika
tidak ada pendidikan formal, tidak ada lulusan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>banyak orang untuk bertindak sendiri
pada usia yang berbeda.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dengan
munculnya pendidikan formal, masyarakat memberikan indikator tentang jalan masa
depan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Bagaimana kelulusan membantu mencapai impian?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpttfh_gsQ_hPLgzgqaUzGp7v9BOzHf17aK_0Uy3yb4yQFez_GmyPX7Fa7xRBwyeAydtxfCCzv11SxxZw0W4yanX8egZ-32522hi_hLYz9Z4SNp1PkxLmysIO1o0Go6OdZEysDZrGu_tNu/s1600/as.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpttfh_gsQ_hPLgzgqaUzGp7v9BOzHf17aK_0Uy3yb4yQFez_GmyPX7Fa7xRBwyeAydtxfCCzv11SxxZw0W4yanX8egZ-32522hi_hLYz9Z4SNp1PkxLmysIO1o0Go6OdZEysDZrGu_tNu/s320/as.png" width="239" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Semua dari kita memiliki mimpi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bertanyalah
seorang anak kecil tentang mimpinya dan Anda akan mendapatkan jawaban seperti
saya ingin menjadi orang besar seperti ayah, atau saya ingin menjadi superman,
atau saya ingin menjadi pilot, dan hal seperti itu.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Seorang anak melihat orang-orang
tertentu dengan kagum dan ingin meniru mereka.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Saat ia / dia tumbuh, kenyataannya
baru sadar bahwa ada banyak bidang lebih untuk menunjukkan kekuatan seseorang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dengan wisuda, seorang anak menjadi
dewasa.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dia / dia harus kemudian
bekerja rencana mereka sendiri dan membuat nyata impian mereka.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Jika langkah berikutnya<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
setelah lulus pergi ke arah yang benar, masa depan dapat membuka kemungkinan
besar pertumbuhan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Itu adalah
bagaimana membantu kelulusan mencapai impian.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sebuah
landmark yang memberitahu Anda bahwa dari sini dan seterusnya Anda sendiri.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Maju dan menaklukkan dunia. Buatlah
impian Anda yang sebenarnya.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Menjadi
warga negara bangga, dan membuat negara Anda bangga dengan tindakan Anda dan
prestasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-81310347240871859452012-04-24T00:46:00.000-07:002012-04-24T00:53:25.730-07:00Artikel Investasi Tampa Rem Apakah Berbahaya Untuk Anda ???<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">A<b>rtikel </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Investasi Tampa Rem apakah berbahaya untuk anda?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Usaha berinvestasi dalam saham adalah inventarisasi
"membeli & menjual" bisnis. Tentu, perusahaan yang menjual
saham ke publik ingin Anda membeli dan tahan selamanya untuk mempertahankan
nilainya. Tetapi jika Anda membeli tanpa menjual apapun, Anda secara
harfiah mengemudi tanpa rem. Itu adalah posisi yang mengerikan yang tidak
aman untuk kepala Anda. Sistem rem yang paling efektif defensif untuk uang
Anda adalah stop-loss order pada saham Anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
<br />
Sebuah stop-loss order adalah perintah yang Anda berikan broker anda untuk
menjual saham Anda jika saham turun di bawah harga tertentu. Anda dapat
memilih harga stop-loss untuk saham Anda berdasarkan pola grafik atau penurunan
persentase dari harga pembelian Anda. Dan beberapa broker secara otomatis
memindahkan mereka sebagai saham bergerak naik dalam harga untuk
mengunci-keuntungan untuk Anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pertama kali saya belajar pelajaran ini (sayangnya bukan yang terakhir), saya
hanya 18 tahun. Salah satu pembelian awal saya saham, direkomendasikan
oleh seorang pialang saham dari sebuah perusahaan pialang terkenal, adalah
saham di perusahaan penerbangan terkenal - sesaat sebelum melemah menjadi
bangkrut. Seandainya saya membaca artikel ini sebelum bencana keuangan perusahaan
penerbangan ", saya akan diselamatkan sebagian besar my $ 5.000 dan
mencegah bencana keuangan saya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tapi Anda menangis, "Investor terbesar Warren Buffett adalah membeli
sebuah & terus investor!" Tidak, aku takut dia tidak. Buffett
membeli perusahaan terutama keseluruhan atau saham pengendali di perusahaan.Dia
membeli kontrol sehingga jika ada masalah dengan perusahaan, ia bisa menyewa /
api / membuat perubahan. Jika ada masalah kritis dengan perusahaan yang
sahamnya Anda miliki, kontrol hanya Anda harus melindungi utama Anda adalah
menjual. <<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ketika sebuah perusahaan publik bangkrut, 70% dari waktu para pemegang saham
menerima uang sama sekali. Berapa banyak saham yang Anda inginkan dalam
portofolio Anda bernilai $ 0? Saya tahu persis berapa banyak yang saya
inginkan, dan saya tahu bahwa stop-loss order mencegah hal itu terjadi.<br />
<br />
Ada beberapa "kerugian-recovery" metode, tetapi Anda tidak akan
pernah menjual panggilan cukup tertutup untuk pulih dari perdagangan saham di
bawah $ 5, atau bisa membeli menempatkan pada saham yang telah de-terdaftar
dari bursa. Tapi perlindungan hampir pasti adalah untuk menempatkan order
stop-loss di saham yang Anda miliki. Anda dapat memilih jumlah persentase
kerugian (5% -25%) berdasarkan pengalaman Anda, tetapi Anda harus memiliki
perintah stop-loss untuk melindungi modal Anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ada zillions ucapan pasar stok lama. Berikut adalah salah satu dari mereka
untuk Anda yang masih skeptis, "Jika uang cerdas-telah menjual dan pindah,
saham jenis uang masih<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"> sendiri?"</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-34484451194251852732012-04-23T00:43:00.000-07:002012-04-23T06:25:48.228-07:00Aplikasi PLC pada Pengendalian Lift/Elevator Naik<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi PLC pada Pengendalian Lift/Elevator Naik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa dapat
memahami prinsip kerja sistem pengendalian lift/Elevator dengan menggunakan PLC
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa dapat
merancang diagram tangga tentang aplikasi PLC pada pengendalian lift/Elevator naik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa dapat
menganalisa hasil praktikum tentang aplikasi PLC pada pengendalian lift/Elevator
naik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System
Pengendalian Motor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kendali motor ada 3 macam:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Kendali
Manual<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.25pt;">Instalasi listrik
tenaga pada awalnya menggunakan kendali motor konvensional secara manual. Untuk
menghubungkan atau memutuskan aliran arus listrik digunakan saklar manual
mekanis, diantaranya adalah saklar togel (</span><em style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.25pt;">Toggle Switch</em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.25pt;">). Saklar ini
merupakan tipe saklar yang sangat sederhana yang banyak digunakan pada
motor-motor berdaya kecil. Operator yang mengoperasikannya harus mengeluarkan
tenaga otot yang kuat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kendali Semiotomatis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kendali semi
otomatis, kerja operator sedikit ringan (tidak mengeluarkan tenaga besar),
cukup dengan jari menekan tombol tekan <em>start </em>saat awal menggerakkan
motor dan menekan tombol <em>stop </em>saat menghentikan putaran motor. Untuk
menghubungkan atau memutuskan aliran arus listrik menggunakan konduktor magnit,
yang bisa dilengkapi rele pengaman arus lebih (<em>Thermal Overload Relay</em>)
sebagai pengaman motor.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Gb.2 Kendali Semiootomatis</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Kendali Otomatis</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Artinya dalam sistem ini motor dikontrol oleh
satu atau lebih alat pengontrol otomatis start-staop dengan alat Bantu kontrol,
misal saklar batas, penunda waktu, saklar thermis, saklar cahaya, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
kendali otomatis, kerja operator semakin ringan, yaitu cukup memonitor kerja
dari sistem, sehingga dapat menghemat energi fisiknya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi kerja dari
sistem kendali otomatis dibuat dengan suatu program dalam bentuk rangkaian
konduktor magnit yang dikendalikan oleh sensorsensor, sehingga motor dapat
bekerja maupun berhenti secara otomatis.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan mengoperasikan motor dibagi menjadi 3 tahap, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai Jalan</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>(starting)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk motor
yang dayanya kurang dari 4 KW, pengoperasian motor dapat disambung secara
langsung (<i>direct on line</i>). Sedangkan untuk daya yang besar pengasutannya
dengan pengendali awal motor (<i>motor starter</i>) yang bertujuan untuk
meredam arus awal yang besarnya 5 sampai 7 kali arus nominal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berputar</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>(running)</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa saat setelah motor mulai jalan, arus yang mengalir secara bertahap
segera menurun ke posisi arus nominal. Selanjutnya motor dapat dikendalikan
sesuai kebutuhan, misalnya dengan pengaturan kecepatan, pembalikan arah
perputaran, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhenti</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>(stopping)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini
merupakan tahap akhir dari pengoperasian motor dengan cara memutuskan aliran
arus listrik dari sumber tenaga listrik, yang prosesnya bisa dikendalikan
sedemikian rupa (misalnya dengan pengereman / <i>break</i>), sehingga motor
dapat berhenti sesuai dengan kebutuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Secara umum fungsi PLC adalah sebagai berikut:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><b><i>Sekuensial Control</i></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">. PLC memproses input sinyal biner menjadi output
yang digunakan untuk keperluan pemrosesan teknik secara berurutan (<em>sekuensial</em>),
disini PLC menjaga agar semua step atau langkah dalam proses sekuensial
berlangsung dalam urutan yang tepat.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><b><i>Monitoring Plant</i></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">. PLC secara terus menerus memonitor status suatu
sistem (misalnya temperatur, tekanan, tingkat ketinggian) dan mengambil
tindakan yang diperlukan sehubungan dengan proses yang dikontrol (misalnya
nilai sudah melebihi batas) atau menampilkan pesan tersebut pada
operator. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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download untuk mendapatkan utuh file diatas<a href="http://adf.ly/7jue2"> disini </a><span id="goog_1611928893"></span><span id="goog_1611928894"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-70128507041931535082012-04-21T19:05:00.000-07:002012-04-24T01:13:39.933-07:00Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) otomatis menggunakan Relay<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujua</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguji prinsip kerja LDR terhadap perubahan
intensitas cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian rangkaian LDR <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat rangkaian aplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LM 324 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 330</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ω</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1kΩ 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variable Resistor</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 100k</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50k 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda 1N400</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transistor
BD 139 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Elko 10
uF/16V 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relay SPDT
12V 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LED 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bread board 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Power Supply 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lux meter </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel Penghubung secukupnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senter 1
buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR
atau light Dependent Resistor adalah salah satu jenis resistor yang nilai
hambatannya dipengaruhi oleh cahaya yang diterima olehnya. Besarnya nilai
hambatan pada LDR tergantung pada besar kecilnya cahaya yang diterima oleh LDR
itu sendiri..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Tampilan fisik dan simbol LDR dapat dilihat pada
gambar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dibawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Biasanya LDR (atau lebih dikenal dengan fotoresistor) dibuat
berdasarkan kenyataan bahwa film kadmium sulfida mempunyai tahanan yang besar
kalau tidak terkena cahaya dan tahanannya akan menurun kalau permukaan film itu
terkena sinar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Resistor peka cahaya atau fotoresistor adalah komponen
elektronik yang resistansinya akan menurun jika ada penambahan intensitas
cahaya yang mengenainya. Fotoresistor dapat merujuk pula pada <i>light
dependent resistor </i>(LDR), atau fotokonduktor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Fotoresistor dibuat dari semikonduktor beresistansi tinggi.
Jika cahaya yang mengenainya memiliki frekuensi yang cukup tinggi, foton yang
diserap oleh semikonduktor akan menyebabkan elektron memiliki energi yang cukup
untuk meloncat ke pita konduksi. Elektron bebas yang dihasilkan (dan pasangan
lubangnya) akan mengalirkan listrik, sehingga menurunkan resistansinya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Besarnya tahanan LDR / fotoresistor dalam kegelapan mencapai
jutaan ohm dan turun sampai beberapa ratus ohm dalam keadaan terang. LDR dapat
digunakan dalam suatu jaringan kerja (<i>network</i>) pembagi potensial yang
menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan tegangan kalau sinar yang datang berubah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">LDR digunakan
untuk mendeteksi intensitas cahaya, yang mana intensitas cahaya sendiri
dinyatakan dalam dua satuan fisika, yaitu lumens per meter persegi dan Watt per
meter persegi. Kedua satuan itu agak berbeda. yang satu berdasarkan pada
kepekaan mata manusia, yang satu lagi berdasarkan energi listrik yang dialirkan
ke sumber cahaya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik LDR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">LDR adalah suatu bentuk komponen yang mempunyai perubahan
resistansi yang besarnya tergantung pada cahaya. Karakteristik LDR terdiri dari
dua macam yaitu Laju Recovery dan Respon Spektral:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju Recovery <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Bila sebuah LDR
dibawa dari suatu ruangan dengan level kekuatan cahaya tertentu ke dalam suatu
ruangan yang gelap, maka bisa kita amati bahwa nilai resistansi dari LDR tidak
akan segera berubah resistansinya pada keadaan ruangan gelap tersebut. Namun
LDR tersebut hanya akan bisa mencapai harga di kegelapan setelah mengalami
selang waktu tertentu. Laju recovery merupakan suatu ukuran praktis dan suatu
kenaikan nilai resistansi dalam waktu tertentu. Harga ini ditulis dalam
K/detik, untuk LDR tipe arus harganya lebih besar dari 200K/detik (selama 20
menit pertama mulai dari level cahaya 100 lux), kecepatan tersebut akan lebih
tinggi pada arah sebaliknya, yaitu pindah dari tempat gelap ke tempat terang
yang memerlukan waktu kurang dari 10 ms untuk mencapai resistansi yang sesuai
dengan level cahaya 400 lux.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Respon Spektral <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">LDR tidak
mempunyai sensitivitas yang sama untuk setiap panjang gelombang cahaya yang
jatuh padanya (yaitu warna). Bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai penghantar arus
listrik yaitu tembaga, aluminium, baja, emas dan perak. Dari kelima bahan
tersebut tembaga merupakan penghantar yang paling banyak, digunakan karena
mempunyai daya hantar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">yang baik (TEDC,1998)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Sensor Cahaya LDR Bekerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi
LDR akan berubah seiring dengan perubahan intensitas cahaya yang mengenainya
atau yang ada disekitarnya. Dalam keadaan gelap resistansi LDR sekitar 10MΩ dan
dalam keadaan terang sebesar 1KΩ atau kurang. LDR terbuat dari bahan
semikonduktor seperti kadmium sulfida. Dengan bahan ini energi dari cahaya yang
jatuh menyebabkan lebih banyak muatan yang dilepas atau arus listrik meningkat.
Artinya resistansi bahan telah mengalami penurunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Kerja LDR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada sisi bagian atas <a href="http://www.rider-system.net/2011/10/ldr-light-dependent-resistor.html">LDR</a>
terdapat suatu garis / jalur melengkung yang menyerupai bentuk kurva. Jalur
tersebut terbuat dari bahan cadmium sulphida yang sangat sensitiv terhadap
pengaruh dari cahaya. Jalur cadmium sul</span>f<span lang="EN-US">ida yang terdapat pada LDR dapat dilihat pada
gambar 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada gambar jalur cadmium sul</span>f<span lang="EN-US">ida dibuat melengkung
menyerupai kurva agar jalur tersebut dapat dibuat panjang dalam ruang (area)
yang sempit. Cadmium sul</span>f<span lang="EN-US">ida (CdS) merupakan bahan semi-konduktor yang memiliki gap energi
antara elektron konduksi dan elektron valensi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ketika cahaya mengenai cadmium sul</span>f<span lang="EN-US">ida, maka energi proton
dari cahaya akan diserap sehingga terjadi perpindahan dari band valensi ke band
konduksi. Akibat perpindahan elektron tersebut mengakibatkan hambatan dari
cadmium sul</span>f<span lang="EN-US">ida
berkurang dengan hubungan kebalikan dari intensitas cahaya yang mengenai <a href="http://www.rider-system.net/2011/10/ldr-light-dependent-resistor.html">LDR</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transistor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Transistor adalah
komponen elektronika yang mempunyai tiga buah terminal. Terminal itu disebut
emitor, basis, dan kolektor. Transistor seakan-akan dibentuk dari penggabungan
dua buah dioda. Dioda satu dengan yang lain saling digabungkan dengan cara
menyambungkan salah satu sisi dioda yang senama. Dengan cara penggabungan
seperti dapat diperoleh dua buah dioda sehingga menghasilkan NPN. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bahan N dan bahan P
adalah silikon dan germanium. Oleh karena itu, dikatakan : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Transistor germanium PNP <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Transistor silikon NPN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Transistor silikon PNP <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Transistor germanium NPN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
komponen di dalam rangkaian transistor dengan simbol. Anak panah terdapat di
dalam simbol menunjukkan arah yang melalui transistor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">Keterangan : <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">C = kolektor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">E = emitter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">B = basis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Didalam pemakaiannya, transistor dipakai sebagai komponen saklar
(switching) dengan memanfaatkan daerah penjenuhan (saturasi) dan daerah
penyumbatan (cut off) yang ada pada karakteristik transistor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada daerah penjenuhan nilai resistansi
persambungan kolektor emitter secara ideal sama dengan nol atau kolektor dan
emitter terhubung langsung (short). Keadaan ini menyebabkan tegangan kolektor
emiter (V<sub>CE</sub>) = 0 Volt pada keadaan ideal, tetapi kenyataannya V<sub>CE
</sub>bernilai 0 sampai 0,3 Volt. Dengan menganalogikan transistor sebagai
saklar, transistor tersebut dalam keadaan on seperti gambar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> di bawah 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gb.</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ransistor</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">saklar ON<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada daerah penyumbatan, nilai resistansi
persambungan kolektor emitter secara ideal sama dengan tak terhitung atau
terminal kolektor dan emitter terbuka (open). Keadaan ini menyebabkan tegangan
(V<sub>CB</sub>) sama dengan tegangan seumber (V<sub>CC</sub>). Tetapi pada
kenyataannya V<sub>CC </sub>pada saat ini kurang dari V<sub>CC </sub>karena
terdapat arus bocor dari kolektor ke emitter. Dengan menganalogikan transistor
sebagai saklar, transistor tersebut dalam keadaan off seperti gambar di bawah
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gb.</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ransistor</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">saklar Off<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Ic dengan Vce<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
di</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bawah memperlihatkan karakteristik keluaran yang menghubungkan arus Ic
dengan tegangan Vce untuk harga arus Ib tertentu. Kurva ini menyajikan hubungan
antara arus masukan di satu sisi dan arus serta tegangan keluaran di sisi yang
lain. Parameter yang sangat penting bagi transistor adalah penguat arus DC,
yang dikenal sebagai penguat arus statis hfe. Ini adalah penguatan transistor
pada keadaan stasioner, yaitu tanpa sinyal masukan. Tidak mempunyai satuan
(karena suatu perbandingan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gb.6</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Ic terhadap
Vce<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Karakteristik arus
kolektor terhadap Vce pada transistor 2. Transistor NPN Kolektor dan emitter
merupakan bahan semikonduktor jenis n dan lapisan diantaranya merupakan
semikonduktor jenis p. Transistor bekerja dalam satu arah, yaitu dari kolektor
menuju emitter, karena kedua terminal tersebut terbuat dari bahan yang sama. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada dasarnya
transistor dapat dianggap sebagai suatu piranti yang beroperasi karena adanya
arus. Kalau alat mengalir ke dalam basis dan melewati sambungan basis emitter,
suatu suplai positif pada kolektor akan menyebabkan arus mengalir antara
kolektor dan emitter. Dua hal yang harus diperhatikan pada arus kolektor ini
adalah : <o:p></o:p></div>
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a. Untuk arus basis
nol, arus kolektor turun sampai pada tingkat arus kebocoran, yaitu kurang dari
1 mikro Ampere dalam kondisi normal (untuk transistor dengan bahan dasar
silicon). <o:p></o:p></div>
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b. Untuk arus basis tertentu, arus
kolektor yang mengalir akan jauh lebih besar daripada arus basis itu. Arus
kolektor tersebut dicapai dengan: Ic = hfe x Ib. 3. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Transistor sebagai
saklar cara yang termudah untuk menggunakan sebuah transistor adalah sebagai
sebuah saklar, artinya bahwa kita mengoperasikan transistor pada salah satu
dari saturasi atau titik sumbat, tetapi tidak di tempat-tempat sepanjang garis
beban. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Jika
sebuah transistor berada dalam keadaan saturasi, transistor tersebut seperti
sebuah saklar yang tertutup dari kolektor ke emitter. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Jika transistor
tersumbat (cut off), transistor seperti sebuah saklar yang terbuka.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i>G</i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US">b.</span>7</i></b><i> Transistor Sebagai Saklar </i><i><span lang="EN-US">dan</span> rangkaian switching transistor.</i> <o:p></o:p></div>
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Penjumlahan tegangan
sekitar loop input memberikan:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jika arus basis lebih
besar atau sama dengan Ib (sat), titik kerja Q berada pada ujung atas garis
beban (gambar <span lang="EN-US">8</span>. (<span lang="EN-US">kanan</span>)). Dalam hal ini
transistor bekerja pada ujung bawah dari garis beban, dan transistor terlihat
seperti sebuah switch yang terbuka.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Cara
mengetahui transistor jenis PNP atau NPN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">A</span>nda harus menggunakan ohm meter atau
multitester ( Avometer ). Langkah-langkah
yang harus diperhatikan dalam menentukan transistor jenis PNP atau jenis NPN
adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pastikan </span>bahwa anda ingin
menentukan jenis PNP atau NPN.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Saklar </span>multitester pada
posisi R x 100 ohm.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hubungkan </span>pencolok hitam (-)
pada kaki emitor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hubungkan </span>pencolok merah (+)
pada kaki basis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Catat </span>berapa jarum skala
bergerak dan berhenti.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kemudian </span>pencolok hitam pada
kaki kolektor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lihat </span>jarum skala pasti
bergerak dan berhenti pada angka tertentu.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jika
pengukuran</span> pengukuran pertama jarum lebih kecil dari pengukuran yang
kedua berarti Transisto<span lang="EN-US">r </span>jenisPNP<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Jika jarum lebih skala lebih besar daripada
pengukuran kedua berarti jenis NPN.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah resistor sering disebut <i>werstan</i>,
tahanan atau penghambat, adalah suatu komponen elektronik yang dapat menghambat
gerak lajunya arus listrik. Resistor disingkat dengan huruf "<b>R</b>"
(huruf R besar). Satuan resistor adalah Ohm, yang menemukan adalah George Ohm
(1787-1854), seorang ahli Fisika bangsa Jerman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar fisik macam-macam resistor<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan resistor untuk
menghambat disebut juga resistensi atau hambatan listrik. Besarnya
diekspresikan dalam satuan Ohm. Suatu resistor dikatakan memiliki hambatan 1
Ohm apabila resistor tersebut menjembatani beda tegangan sebesar 1 Volt dan
arus listrik yang timbul akibat tegangan tersebut adalah sebesar 1 ampere, atau
sama dengan sebanyak 6.241506 × 1018 elektron 1per detik mengalir menghadap
arah yang berlawanan dari arus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antara hambatan,
tegangan, dan arus, dapat disimpulkan melalui hukum berikut ini, yang terkenal
sebagai hukum Ohm:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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V = I . R</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana V adalah beda potensial
antara kedua ujung benda penghambat, I adalah besar arus yang melalui benda
penghambat, dan R adalah besarnya hambatan benda penghambat tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelang Warna pada Resistor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada Resistor biasanya
memiliki 4 gelang warna, gelang pertama dan kedua menunjukkan angka, gelang
ketiga adalah faktor kelipatan, sedangkan gelang ke empat menunjukkan toleransi
hambatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertengahan tahun 2006,
perkembangan pada komponen Resistor terjadi pada jumlah gelang warna. Dengan
komposisi: Gelang Pertama (Angka Pertama), Gelang Kedua (Angka Kedua), Gelang
Ketiga (Angka Ketiga), Gelang Keempat (Multiplier) dan Gelang Kelima
(Toleransi). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut Gelang warna dimulai dari warna Hitam,
Coklat, Merah, Jingga, Kuning, Hijau, Biru, Ungu (<i>violet</i>), Abu-abu dan
Putih Sedangkan untuk gelang toleransi hambatan adalah: Coklat 1%, Merah 2%,
Hijau 0,5%, Biru 0,25%, Ungu 0,1%, Emas 5% dan Perak 0%. Kebanyakan gelang
toleransi yang dipakai oleh umum adalah warna Emas, Perak dan Coklat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat resistor,
antara lain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
pada ujung-ujungnya dipasang tegangan, akan mengalirkan arus sebesar I=V/R<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengalirkan arus searah maupun bolak-balik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengalirkan arus bolak-balik berfrekuensi tinggi maupun rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Jika
dua buah resistor R1 dan R2 disusun secara seri, maka nilai resistansi
penggantinya adalah R1+R2 dan jika disusun secara paralel nilai resistansi
penggantinya adalah R1.R2/(R1+R2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.9 Rangkaian seri resistor (kiri) dan rangkaian parallel resistor (kanan)" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1065" width="569" /></td>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabel Resistor (VR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensiometer merupakan
<em>variable resistor</em>
yang paling sering digunakan. Pada umumnya, potensiometer terbuat dari kawat
atau karbon. Potensiometer yang terbuat dari kawat merupakan potensiometer yang
telah lama lahir pada generasi pertama pada waktu rangkaian elektronika masih
menggunakan tabung hampa (<em>vacuum
tube</em>). Potensiometer dari kawat ini memiliki bentuk yang cukup
besar, sehingga saat ini sudah jarang ada yang memakai potensiometer seperti
ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat ini,
potensiometer lebih banyak terbuat dari bahan karbon. Ukurannya pun lebih
kecil, namun dengan resistansi yang besar. Pada umumnya, perubahan resistansi
pada potensiometer terbagi menjadi 2, yakni linier dan logaritmik. Yang
dimaksud dengan perubahan secara linier adalah perubahan nilai resistansinya
sebanding dengan arah putaran pengaturnya. Sedangkan, yang dimaksud dengan
perubahan secara logaritmik adalah perubahan nilai resistansinya berdasarkan
perhitungan logaritmik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Pada umumnya, potensiometer logaritmik memiliki
perubahan resistansi yang cukup unik karena nilai maksimal dari resistansi
diperoleh ketika kita telah melakaukan setengah kali putaran pada pengaturnya.
Sedangkan, nilai minimal diperoleh saat pengaturnya berada pada titik nol atau
titik maksimal putaran. Untuk dapat mengetahui apakah potensiometer tersebut
linier atau logaritmik, dapat dilihat huruf yang tertera di bagian belakang
badannya. Jika tertera huruf B, maka potensiometer tersebut logaritmik. Jika
huruf A, maka potensiometer linier. Pada umumnya, nilai resistansi juga tertera
pada bagian depan badannya. Nilai yang tertera tersebut merupakan nilai
resistansi maksimal dari potensiometer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.1</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar fisik dan simbol
dari potensiometer<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Pengukuran Potensiometer dengan Multimeter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.1</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran potensiometer<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Dioda memiliki fungsi yang unik yaitu hanya
dapat mengalirkan arus satu arah saja. Struktur dioda tidak lain adalah
sambungan semikonduktor P dan N. Satu sisi adalah semikonduktor dengan tipe P
dan satu sisinya yang lain adalah tipe N. Dengan struktur demikian arus hanya
akan dapat mengalir dari sisi P menuju sisi N.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Gambar diatas menunjukkan sambungan PN dengan
sedikit porsi kecil yang disebut lapisan deplesi (<i>depletion layer</i>),
dimana terdapat keseimbangan <i>hole </i>dan elektron. Seperti yang sudah
diketahui, pada sisi P banyak terbentuk <i>hole-hole</i> yang siap menerima
elektron sedangkan di sisi N banyak terdapat elektronelektron yang siap untuk
bebas merdeka. Lalu jika diberi bias positif, dengan arti kata memberi tegangan
potensial sisi P lebih besar dari sisi N, maka elektron dari sisi N dengan
serta merta akan tergerak untuk mengisi <i>hole </i>di sisi P. Tentu kalau
elektron mengisi <i>hole </i>disisi P, maka akan terbentuk <i>hole </i>pada
sisi N karena ditinggal elektron. Ini disebut aliran <i>hole </i>dari P menuju
N, Kalau menggunakan terminologi arus listrik, maka dikatakan terjadi aliran
listrik dari sisi P ke sisi N.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.1</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda dengan Bias Maju<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika polaritas tegangan dibalik yaitu dengan
memberikan bias negative (<i>reverse bias</i>). Dalam hal ini, sisi N mendapat
polaritas tegangan lebih besar dari sisi P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.1</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda dengan Bias Negatif<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka tidak akan terjadi perpindahan elektron
atau aliran <i>hole </i>dari P ke N maupun sebaliknya. Karena baik <i>hole </i>dan
elektron masing-masing tertarik ke arah kutup berlawanan. Bahkan lapisan
deplesi (<i>depletion layer</i>) semakin besar dan menghalangi terjadinya arus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Dioda hanya dapat mengalirkan arus satu arah
saja. Dengan tegangan bias maju yang kecil saja dioda sudah menjadi konduktor.
Tidak serta merta diatas 0 volt, tetapi memang tegangan beberapa volt diatas
nol baru bisa terjadi konduksi. Ini disebabkan karena adanya dinding deplesi (<i>deplesion
layer</i>). Untuk diode yang terbuat dari bahan Silikon tegangan konduksi
adalah diatas 0.7 volt. Kirakira 0.2 volt batas minimum untuk dioda yang
terbuat dari bahan Germanium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Gambar.15.karakteristik dioda</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Sebaliknya untuk bias negatif dioda tidak
dapat mengalirkan arus, namun memang ada batasnya. Sampai beberapa puluh bahkan
ratusan volt baru terjadi <i>breakdown</i>, dimana dioda tidak lagi dapat
menahan aliran elektron yang terbentuk di lapisan deplesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.1</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar fisik Dioda<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.6<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Light Emiting Dioda (LED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda cahaya </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau lebih dikenal dengan
sebutan <b>LED </b>(<i>light-emitting diode</i>) adalah suatu semikonduktor
yang memancarkan cahaya monokromatik<i> </i>yang tidak koheren ketika diberi
tegangan maju. Gejala ini termasuk bentuk<i> </i>elektroluminesensi. Warna yang
dihasilkan bergantung pada bahan semikonduktor<i> </i>yang dipakai, dan bisa
juga dekat ultraviolet, tampak, atau inframerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.17</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol LED<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah LED adalah sejenis dioda semikonduktor
istimewa. Seperti sebuah dioda normal, dia terdiri dari sebuah chip bahan
semikonduktor yang diisi penuh, atau di-dop, dengan ketidakmurnian untuk
menciptakan sebuah struktur yang disebut p-n junction. Pembawa muatan elektron
dan lubang mengalir ke junction dari elektroda dengan voltase berbeda. Ketika
elektron bertemu dengan lubang, dia jatuh ke tingkat energi yang lebih rendah,
dan melepas energi dalam bentuk photon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang gelombang dari
cahaya yang dipancarkan, dan oleh karena itu warnanya, tergantung dari energi
bandgap dari bahan yang membentuk pn junction. Sebuah dioda normal, biasanya
terbuat dari silikon atau germanium, memancarkan cahaya tampak
dekat-inframerah, tetapi bahan yang digunakan untuk sebuah LED memiliki energi
bandgap antara cahaya dekat-inframerah, tampak, dan dekat-ultraungu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja LED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena LED adalah salah
satu jenis dioda maka LED memiliki 2 kutub yaitu anoda dan katoda. Dalam
hal ini LED akan menyala bila ada arus listrik mengalir dari anoda
menuju katoda. Pemasangan kutub LED tidak boleh terebalik karena apabila
terbalik kutubnya maka LED tersebut tidak akan menyala. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />Led memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda
menurut warna yang dihasilkan. Semakin tinggi arus yang mengalir pada led maka
semakin terang pula cahaya yang dihasilkan, namun perlu diperhatikan bahwa
besarnya arus yang diperbolehkan 10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20mA
dan pada tegangan 1,6V – 3,5 V menurut karakter warna dihasilkan. Apabila
arus yang mengalir lebih dari 20mA maka led akan terbakar. Untuk menjaga agar
LED tidak terbakar perlu kita gunakan resistor sebagai penghambat arus.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar LED</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan semikonduktor yang sering digunakan dalam
pembuatan LED adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ga As <i>(Galium
Arsenide,) </i>meradiasikan sinar infra merah,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ga As P
<i>(Galium Arsenide Phospide) </i>meradiasikan warna merah dan kuning,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ga P <i>(Galium
Phospide) </i>meradiasikan warna merah dan kuning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.7<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Menggunakan
Multimeter<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<br />
<strong><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Keterangan</span></i></strong><strong><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></i></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 0cm left 233.9pt 305.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 127.0pt;">
1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Zero Correction (Pengenolan Jarum)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 220.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.6pt;">
>><span lang="EN-US">
</span>Untuk mengenolkan Jarum pada posisi kiri<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Range Selector<o:p></o:p></div>
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>><span lang="EN-US">
</span>Untuk memilih range/batasan hambatan, tegangan atau arus<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Measuring
Terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Series
Condenser<o:p></o:p></div>
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5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Ohm Adjust<o:p></o:p></div>
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>> Untuk mengenolkan jarum saat melakukan
pengukuran hambatan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>Pengukuran </strong><strong><span lang="EN-US">H</span>ambatan (ohm)<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Perhatikan (lihat) kondisi AVO baik atau rusak
bodynya <o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Nolkan jarum AVO pada posisi sebelah kiri dengan
menggunakan Ohm Zero Correction dengan cara memutar ke kiri atau ke kanan
agar jarum tersebut benar<span lang="EN-US">-benar</span>
ke angka nol sebelah kiri<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Posisikan Range Selector pada x1 Ω, x10, x100, x1k,
atau x10k selanjutnya tempelkan ujung kabel negatif dan positif. Nolkan jarum
AVO tepat pada angka nol sebelah kanan dengan menggunakan ohm adjust.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
“Baik tidaknya range
selector x1 Ω, x10 Ω, x100 Ω, pegang ujung negatif dan positif, jarum harus
tidak bergerak”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Pada dasarnya untuk pengukuran, Range Selector ohm
meter harus betul<span lang="EN-US">-betul</span>
diperhatikan, yaitu setiap memindahkan range selector ke masing<span lang="EN-US">-masing</span> nilai ohm terlebih
dahulu ujung taspinnya disatukan /
dihubungkan. Sambil melihat jarum AVO menunjukkan kurang atu lebih dari angka
nol disebelah kanan. Kurang atau lebihnya jarum tersebut kita atur dengan
tombol ohm adjusting knop kearah kiri atau kanan sehingga jarum AVO tersebut
benar<span lang="EN-US">-benar</span> ke posisi
angka nol.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><br />
Setiap mau mengukur posisi ohm
hendaknya letakkan range selector pada skala yang paling kecil.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
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</tr>
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<td></td>
<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.21 Skala pada multimeter" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image072.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067" width="310" /></td>
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<strong>Cara Membaca
Skala Ohm<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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Pengukuran tegangan
DC volt dan AC volt<span lang="EN-US">. </span>Cara
Membaca Skala Volt Tegangan AC maupun DC<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 0,1v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
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Skala
baca dari 0~10<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jarum
maximal 0,1v (10:100:0,1)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 1 >> 1 disini= 1/100= 0,01<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Jadi 0,01 dibagi 5
kolom >> 1/100:5= 1/100×1/5=1/500= 0,02v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 0,5v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~50<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 0,5v (50:100:0,5)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 10 >> 10 disini= 10/100= 0,1<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi
0,1 dibagi 10 kolom >> 10/100:10= 1/10×1/10=1/100= 0,01v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 2,5v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~250<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 2,5v (250:100:2,5)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 50 >> 50 disini= 50/100= 0,5<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi
0,5 dibagi 10 kolom >> 50/100:10= 1/2×1/10=1/20= 0,02v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 10v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~10<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 10v<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 1 >> 1 disini= 1/1= 1<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi
1 dibagi 5 kolom >> 1:5= 1×1/5=1/500= 0,02v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 50v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~50<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 50v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 10 >> 10 disini= 10/1= 10<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi10
dibagi 10 kolom >> 10/10= 1v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 250v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~250<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 250v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 50 >> 50 disini= 1×50= 50<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi
50 dibagi 10 kolom >> 50/10= 5v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><u>Range selector 1000v<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Skala
baca dari 0~10 (10×100= 1000)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jarum
maximal 1000v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Sedangkan
perkolomnya diambil dari angka 1 >> 1 disini= 1×100= 100<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
Jadi
100 dibagi 5 kolom >> 100/5= 20v<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.8<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bread
Board<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 396.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Project Board
atau yang sering disebut sebagai BreadBoard adalah dasar konstruksi sebuah
sirkuit elektronik dan merupakan prototipe dari suatu rangkaian elektronik. Di
zaman modern istilah ini sering digunakan untuk merujuk pada jenis tertentu
dari papan tempat merangkai komponen, dimana papan ini tidak memerlukan proses
menyolder ( langsung tancap ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
papan ini solderless alias tidak memerlukan solder sehingga dapat digunakan
kembali, dan dengan demikian dapat digunakan untuk prototipe sementara serta
membantu dalam bereksperimen desain sirkuit elektronika. Berbagai sistem
elektronik dapat di prototipekan dengan menggunakan breadboard, mulai dari
sirkuit analog dan digital kecil sampai membuat unit pengolahan terpusat (CPU).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjvaUkh2QhGqeTmd9u59q3-JkpKLfMW-mpcq0VSBlGTcBpO6I2nZCasrx8TmqIKy7HUktrdkWDQkwe4DH9fU4EYcpo4ndUX9QIzrcZ4e64gNP2yEgVZPaRCtXT4vffwhglvUhX0wjYWVP/s1600/22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjvaUkh2QhGqeTmd9u59q3-JkpKLfMW-mpcq0VSBlGTcBpO6I2nZCasrx8TmqIKy7HUktrdkWDQkwe4DH9fU4EYcpo4ndUX9QIzrcZ4e64gNP2yEgVZPaRCtXT4vffwhglvUhX0wjYWVP/s320/22.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="17" width="165"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.22 Bentuk Fisik Bread Board" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1070" width="330" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum breadbord
memiliki jalur seperti berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPA39BZS6VX3bLnItG4MH339E37X9_yJJJKcsRCgPkjZQJ6StLyKfHoT3GzSvcZf-vlxLwW16fFUnRo2pSrVZo5L7hCtyn6GJqG-gkpdzGJ-UYVrrA1v3s6a33JzCvdbB7-NPKjMUfkBun/s1600/23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPA39BZS6VX3bLnItG4MH339E37X9_yJJJKcsRCgPkjZQJ6StLyKfHoT3GzSvcZf-vlxLwW16fFUnRo2pSrVZo5L7hCtyn6GJqG-gkpdzGJ-UYVrrA1v3s6a33JzCvdbB7-NPKjMUfkBun/s320/23.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="31" width="148"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.23 jalur pada Bread Board" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image078.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="330" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 393.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 393.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 Pasang jalur Atas dan bawah terhubung
secara horisontal sampai ke bagian tengah dari breadboard. Biasanya jalur ini
digunakan sebagai jalur power atau jalur sinyal yg umum digunakan seperti clock
atau jalur komunikasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lobang komponen di tengah merupakan
tempat merangkai komponen. Jalur ke 5 lobang ini terhubung vertikal sampai
bagian tengah dari breadboard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembatas tengah breadboard digunakan sebagai
tempat menancapkan komponen IC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.9<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Power Supply<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Power
Supply adalah perangkat keras yang berfungsi untuk menyuplai tegangan langsung
kekomponen dalam casing yang membutuhkan tegangan, misalnya motherboard,
hardisk, kipas, dll. Input <b>power supply</b>
berupa arus bolak-balik (AC) sehingga <b>power
supply</b> harus mengubah tegangan AC menjadi DC (arus searah), karena hardware
komputer hanya dapat beroperasi dengan arus DC. Power supply berupa kotak yang
umumnya diletakan dibagian belakang atas casing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="173"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.24 Power Supply" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="227" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 0cm left 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.10</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lux meter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat ukur cahaya (lux meter) adalah alat yang
digunakan untuk mengukur besarnya intensitas cahaya di suatu tempat. Besarnya
intensitas cahaya ini perlu untuk diketahui karena pada dasarnya manusia juga
memerlukan penerangan yang cukup. Untuk mengetahui besarnya intensitas cahaya
ini maka diperlukan sebuah sensor yang cukup peka dan linier terhadap cahaya.
Sehingga cahaya yang diterima oleh sensor dapat diukur dan ditampilkan pada
sebuah tampilan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="1" width="181"></td>
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<td></td>
<td><img alt="Text Box: Gb.25 Alat ukur Lux meter" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/Dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image084.png" v:shapes="_x0000_s1075" width="266" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 393.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lux meter digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat iluminasi.
Hampir semua lux meter terdiri dari rangka, sebuah sensor dengan sel foto, dan
layer panel. Sensor diletakkan pada sumber cahaya. Cahaya akan menyinari sel
foto sebagai energi yang diteruskan oleh sel foto menjadi arus listrik. Makin banyak
cahaya yang diserap oleh sel, arus yang dihasilkan lebih besar. Kunci untuk
mengingat tentang cahaya adalah cahaya selalu membuat beberapa jenis perbedaan
warna pada panjang gelombang yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu, pembacaan merupakan
kombinasi efek dari semua panjang gelombang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.11</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kapasitor
Elektrolit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapasitor elektrolit adalah sebuah kapasitor yang memiliki
polaritas. Sehingga untuk pemasangan komponen pada rangkaian harus
memperhatikan polaritas pada kaki-kakinya, antara kutub positif dan kutub negatif.Jika
terjadi kesalahan pemasangan pada rangkaian maka dapat menyebabkan kerusakan
pada komponen lainnya yang terdapat didalam rangkaian tersebut. Salah satu
comtoh kapasitor elektrolit adalah ELCO <i>(Electrilyte Condensator).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya nilai kapasitansi dari kapasitor tetap dapat
dilihat dari label permukaannya. Hanya saja ada perbedaan dalam pembacaan nilai
dari masing-masing jenis kapasitor. Pada kapasitor elektrolit, untuk mengetahui
nilai kapasitansinya cukup dengan membaca langsung label yang sudah tersedia
dan umumnya disusun dalam satuan mikro Farad (μF) dan dilengkapi dengan batas
tegangan kerjanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada dua cara untuk membaca nilai kapasitansi yang terdapat
pada badan kapasitor non-elektrolit.Untuk kapasitor non-elektrolit yang pada
badannya tertera tiga angka,cara membacanya sebagai berikut. Angka pertama dan
kedua adalah variabel nilai, sedangkan angka ketiga adalah faktor kali. Adapun
satuan yang digunakan adalah pico Farad (pF).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.12</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Relay<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relay adalah komponen elektronika berupa saklar
elektronika yang digerakkan oleh arus listrik.
Secara prinsip, relay merupakan tuas saklar dengan lilitan kawat pada
batang besi (solenoid) di dekatnya. Ketika solenoid dialiri arus listrik, tuas
akan tertarik kerena adanya gaya magnet yang terjadi pada solenoid sehingga
kontak saklar akan menutup. Pada saat arus dihentikan, gaya magnet akan hilang,
tuas akan kembali ke posisi semula dan kontak saklar kembali terbuka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relay biasanya
digunakan untuk menggerakkan arus/tegangan yang besar (misalnya peralatan
listrik 4 ampere AC 220V) dengan memakai arus/tegangan yang kecil (misalnya 0.1
ampere 12 Volt DC). Dalam pemakaiannya biasanya relay yang digunakan dengan
arus DC dilengkapi dengan dioda yang di-paralel dengan lilitannya dan dipasang
terbalik yaitu anoda pada tegangan (-) dan katoda pada tegangan (+). Ini
bertujuan untuk mengantisipasi sentakan listrik yang terjadi pada saat relay
berganti posisi dari on ke off agar tidak merusak komponen di sekitarnya. </span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan alat dan bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat rangkaian sesuai dengan gambar rangkaian pada project board<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghubungkan power supply,lalu menyalakan power supply tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur potensio 100K dan 50K sampai ditemukan LED menyala atau mati
pada kondisi gelap atau terang (cahaya senter untuk kondisi terang dan menutup
sensor untuk kondisi gelap)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika sudah ditemukan kondisi LED dapat menyala atau mati pada kondisi
gelap atau terang, selanjutnya mematikan power supply<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur nilai potensio tersebut dengan melepasnya dari rangkaian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur nilai resistansi potensio tersebut dengan menggunakan AVO
pada kondisi ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat hasil pada tabel pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gambar Rangkaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Hasil <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel hasil pecobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">LUX<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nilai Resistor 50K<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nilai Resistor 100K<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">40 k</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ω<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.5pt;" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">100 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">200<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">300 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.5pt;" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">500<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0.07 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.5pt;" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0.5 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">900<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">0.3 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.5pt;" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-indent: 3.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Analisis dan Grafik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u>Analisis<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar resistansi pada potensio dipengaruhi oleh
banyaknya jumlah cahaya yang diterima oleh LDR. Jika cahaya yang diterima
sedikit, maka resistansi pada potensio 100k besar dan menghambat tegangan input<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komparator sebagai pembanding nilai tegangan yang keluar melalui
potensio 50K dengan tegangan yang keluar dari potensio 100K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 54.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika tegangan dari potensio 50K lebih besar dari potensio 100K, maka
tegangan dari 50K diloloskan dan keluar untuk memicu transistor sehingga relay bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 54.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disini jika LDR mendapat cahaya yang banyak maka nilai resistansinya
akan menjadi kecil, sebaliknya jika LDR tidak mendapatkan cahaya maka nilai
resistansinya besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u>Grafik <o:p></o:p></u></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_tZ2v1nom7064DecMkgSf5x3n7V3BaAtSW0X7j7qMzEU7mJwnM0Rj2Or1gOkKEEf4q6whA_mZgnpuVnE6p41NK9KiBXke7c5_SCTYSwSku0lhL1LFImtbgflU7lhHHNNsmVHLifBRXynv/s1600/30.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_tZ2v1nom7064DecMkgSf5x3n7V3BaAtSW0X7j7qMzEU7mJwnM0Rj2Or1gOkKEEf4q6whA_mZgnpuVnE6p41NK9KiBXke7c5_SCTYSwSku0lhL1LFImtbgflU7lhHHNNsmVHLifBRXynv/s320/30.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 655px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 246.4pt;" valign="top" width="329"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 244.5pt;" valign="top" width="326"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melakukan
praktikum, kita dapat menarik beberapa kesimpulan antara lain membandingkan antara gelap dan terang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila keadaan terang
LED mati : tegangan yang melewati LDR lebih besar kemudian komparator bekerja
sehingga dapat menghidupkan relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila keadaan gelap
LED menyala : tegangan tidak melewati LDR kemudian komparator tidak bekerja
sehingga tidak dapat menghidupkan relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 0cm left 21.3pt; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IX.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana prinsip kerja
pada rangakaian lampu otomatis tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa fungsi dioda pada
rangkaian tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa fungsi kapasitor
pada rangkaian tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buatlah rangkaian
otomatis dengan output lampu AC 220 V.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip kerja dari rangkaian ini adalah jika
sensor atau LDR bearada di tempat terang atau mendapatkan banyak cahaya maka
LED akan mati.<b> </b>Sebaliknya jika
sensor ( LDR ) berada di tempat yang gelap atau tidak mendapatkan cahaya, maka
LED secara otomatis akan menyala.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda digunakan untuk mengontrol koil pada relay, disaat bias reverse
tegangan diparalel ke koil relay agar relay dapat bekerja.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapasitor pada rangkaian ini berfungsi sebagai penyimpan muatan
listrik untuk mengurangi lonjakan arus saat LED menyala<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /> Gambar
rangkaian :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-6130970666488210762012-04-21T17:51:00.001-07:002012-04-21T17:51:29.154-07:00PHOTODIODA<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PHOTODIODA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian rangkaian photodioda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat grafik hubungan antara cahaya
yang diterima terhadap resistansi photodioda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat rangkaian aplikasi ( untuk
sensor photodioda )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Photodioda adalah dioda yang bekerja berdasarkan
intensitas cahaya, jika photodioda terkena cahaya maka photodioda bekerja
seperti dioda pada umumnya, tetapi jika tidak mendapat cahaya maka photodioda
akan berperan seperti resistor dengan nilai tahanan yang besar sehingga arus
listrik tidak dapat mengalir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar: Photodioda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Photodioda merupakan sensor cahaya semikonduktor yang
dapat mengubah besaran cahaya menjadi besaran listrik. Photodioda merupakan
sebuah dioda dengan sambungan p-n yang dipengaruhi cahaya dalam kerjanya.
Cahaya yang dapat dideteksi oleh photodioda ini mulai dari cahaya infra merah,
cahaya tampak, ultra ungu sampai dengan sinar-X.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip kerja, karena photodioda terbuat dari
semikonduktor p-n junction maka cahaya yang diserap oleh photodioda akan
mengakibatkan terjadinya pergeseran foton yang akan menghasilkan pasangan
electron-hole dikedua sisi dari sambungan. Ketika elektron-elektron yang
dihasilkan itu masuk ke pita konduksi maka elektron-elektron itu akan mengalir
ke arah positif sumber tegangan sedangkan hole yang dihasilkan mengalir ke arah
negatif sumber tegangan sehingga arus akan mengalir di dalam rangkaian.
Besarnya pasangan elektron ataupun hole yang dihasilkan tergantung dari
besarnya intensitas cahaya yang diserap oleh photodioda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Photodiodes dibuat dari semikonduktor dengan
bahan yang populer adalah silicon ( Si) atau galium arsenida ( GaAs), dan yang
lain meliputi InSb, InAs, PbSe. Material ini menyerap cahaya dengan
karakteristik panjang gelombang mencakup: 2500 Å - 11000 Å untuk silicon, 8000
Å – 20,000 Å untuk GaAs. Ketika sebuah photon (satu satuan energi dalam cahaya)
dari sumber cahaya diserap, hal tersebut membangkitkan suatu elektron dan
menghasilkan sepasang pembawa muatan tunggal, sebuah elektron dan sebuah hole,
di mana suatu hole adalah bagian dari kisi-kisi semikonduktor yang kehilangan
elektron. Arah Arus yang melalui sebuah semikonduktor adalah kebalikan dengan
gerak muatan pembawa. cara tersebut didalam sebuah photodiode digunakan untuk
mengumpulkan photon - menyebabkan pembawa muatan (seperti arus atau tegangan)
mengalir/terbentuk di bagian-bagian elektroda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Photodioda digunakan
sebagai penangkap gelombang cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh Infrared. Besarnya
tegangan atau arus listrik yang dihasilkan oleh photodioda tergantung besar
kecilnya radiasi yang dipancarkan oleh infrared.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar : panjang gelombang yang dihasilkan oleh bahan photodioda yang
berbeda<br clear="all" />
terhadap pengliatan mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Photo dioda digunakan sebagai komponen pendeteksi ada
tidaknya cahaya maupun dapat digunakan untuk membentuk sebuah alat ukur
akurat yang dapat mendeteksi intensitas cahaya dibawah 1pW/cm2 sampai
intensitas diatas 10mW/cm2. Photo dioda mempunyai resistansi yang rendah pada
kondisi forward bias, kita dapat memanfaatkan photo dioda ini pada kondisi
reverse bias dimana resistansi dari photo dioda akan turun seiring dengan
intensitas cahaya yang masuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdo59WMiCUwo-PPv-ssonXpJ-kYrYvhFCyoHURCKKKNcL3VsgXPoT2fl-wVd-x0fGk_EfowNtjwl9QpQwTdqsxOGEVjsEk8vCImYUTEZc4KC-5OpX-9X67hsYnTU2PT3q-RxJD2643HZRO/s1600/photodioda.jpg"><span style="color: #993322; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdo59WMiCUwo-PPv-ssonXpJ-kYrYvhFCyoHURCKKKNcL3VsgXPoT2fl-wVd-x0fGk_EfowNtjwl9QpQwTdqsxOGEVjsEk8vCImYUTEZc4KC-5OpX-9X67hsYnTU2PT3q-RxJD2643HZRO/s200/photodioda.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdo59WMiCUwo-PPv-ssonXpJ-kYrYvhFCyoHURCKKKNcL3VsgXPoT2fl-wVd-x0fGk_EfowNtjwl9QpQwTdqsxOGEVjsEk8vCImYUTEZc4KC-5OpX-9X67hsYnTU2PT3q-RxJD2643HZRO/s1600/photodioda.jpg" id="_x0000_i1031" o:button="t" style="height: 150pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dioda peka cahaya adalah jenis dioda yang berfungsi mendektesi
cahaya. Berbeda dengandioda biasa, komponen elektronika ini akan mengubah
menjadi arus listrik. Cahaya yang dapatdideteksi oleh dioda peka cahaya ini
mulai dari cahaya inframerah, cahaya tampak, ultra ungusampai dengan sinar-X.
Aplikasi dioda peka cahaya mulai dari penghitung kendaraan di jalanumum secara
otomatis, pengukur cahaya pada kamera serta beberapa peralatan dibidang medis.<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat yang mirip dengan dioda peka adalah transistor
foto (phototransistor). Transistorfoto ini pada dasarnya adalah jenis
transistor bipolar yang menggunakan kontak (junction) base-collector untuk
menerima cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnR8mgIPp-QaGw_MbPcwSvf9cIlTFcbaDl0-qRUY_72k6FaRB5-j_dbgCKxkEkoBaWTC7dJ_foV3lwBeMDURMJpU9HboeDeYfaxRFsOptTEXfuqbamFZgSIKBzK7kyZPQtidN2UVn5ECOF/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnR8mgIPp-QaGw_MbPcwSvf9cIlTFcbaDl0-qRUY_72k6FaRB5-j_dbgCKxkEkoBaWTC7dJ_foV3lwBeMDURMJpU9HboeDeYfaxRFsOptTEXfuqbamFZgSIKBzK7kyZPQtidN2UVn5ECOF/s1600/4.png" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnIm2ApIWYACXOK1_zL98Q4z07kwX3q9IWdY2MqXvOQyi_9lqD2oZ9Ji0ioqPfAvL-PaOXwdP3RgA3kf5kUIxFnAoF1Nd9tehXbzaov1ZkRmUpoojeX4XToNob2vaUM3thwDflGFK8MlB5/s1600/photodioda+2.jpg"><span style="color: #993322; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnIm2ApIWYACXOK1_zL98Q4z07kwX3q9IWdY2MqXvOQyi_9lqD2oZ9Ji0ioqPfAvL-PaOXwdP3RgA3kf5kUIxFnAoF1Nd9tehXbzaov1ZkRmUpoojeX4XToNob2vaUM3thwDflGFK8MlB5/s200/photodioda+2.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnIm2ApIWYACXOK1_zL98Q4z07kwX3q9IWdY2MqXvOQyi_9lqD2oZ9Ji0ioqPfAvL-PaOXwdP3RgA3kf5kUIxFnAoF1Nd9tehXbzaov1ZkRmUpoojeX4XToNob2vaUM3thwDflGFK8MlB5/s1600/photodioda+2.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 150pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen ini mempunyai sensitivitas yang lebih baik
jika dibandingkan dengan diodapeka cahaya. Hal ini disebabkan karena electron
yang ditimbulkan oleh foton cahaya padajunction ini diinjeksikan di bagian Base
dan diperkuat di bagian kolektornya. Namun demikian,waktu respons dari
transistor foto secara umum akan lebih lambat dari pada dioda peka cahaya.<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika photo dioda tidak terkena cahaya, maka tidak ada
arus yang mengalir ke rangkaian pembanding, jika photo dioda terkena cahaya
maka photodiode akan bersifat sebagai tegangan, sehingga Vcc dan photo dioda
tersusun seri, akibatnya terdapat arus yang mengalir ke rangkaian pembanding.<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLB1yk0n5aEVMoDNA8s5Lzvaphyphenhyphen3Y1as7DETM8OrfY3yaXvagnUVxDNm1HB3XSEloTOzu9EIo6zCpqbS0RVW4NwZr6RkYhkOu4qrTIlA4xh77JZrXl9hBkhf7L79IpWKo9ipmPUFF-72Td/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLB1yk0n5aEVMoDNA8s5Lzvaphyphenhyphen3Y1as7DETM8OrfY3yaXvagnUVxDNm1HB3XSEloTOzu9EIo6zCpqbS0RVW4NwZr6RkYhkOu4qrTIlA4xh77JZrXl9hBkhf7L79IpWKo9ipmPUFF-72Td/s320/5.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8JHQl1Aq6sk/TsICEJJfyQI/AAAAAAAAALg/cF-5HBvpKBk/s1600/photodioda1.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8JHQl1Aq6sk/TsICEJJfyQI/AAAAAAAAALg/cF-5HBvpKBk/s400/photodioda1.jpg" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8JHQl1Aq6sk/TsICEJJfyQI/AAAAAAAAALg/cF-5HBvpKBk/s1600/photodioda1.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 125.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 300pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar: struktur dioda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat dari
Photodioda adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Jika terkena cahaya maka resistansi nya berkurang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
Jika tidak terkena cahaya maka resistansi nya meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kenapa Photodioda dipasang reverse?? Berdasarkan teori
mengenai dioda. Pada saat dioda dipasang reverse, maka arus tidak akan mengalir
karena hambatan yg sangat besar sekali. Jadi bisa dikatakan ini dioda sebagai
kondisi Open Circuit jika dianalogikan seperti sakelar. namun pada photodioda,
hambatan yang besar tadi bisa menjadi kecil karena pengaruh cahaya yang masuk.
Hal seperti ini bisa menyebabkan arus mengalir sehingga kondisi seperti ini
bisa dikatakan sebagai Close Circuit jika dianalogikan seperti sakelar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Photodioda : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Led :
1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi 330 : 2 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi 10 K : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LM 324 :
1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trimpot 50 K : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TIP 41 :
1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Power supply : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bread broad : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel penghubung : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senter :
1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LUX mater : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AVO meter : 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah
kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
alat dan bahan untuk percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
rangkaian percobaan 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada guru pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
cahaya dari senter sesuai dengan nilai LUX pada tabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur
Vout dan intensitas cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isi
data pada tabel I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
alat dan bahan untuk percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
rangkaian percobaan 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada guru pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
cahaya dari senter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
nilai Trimpot sesuai dengan tabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amati
hasil dan catat pada tabel percobaan 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
rangkaian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian 1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplVq7BA3NFmGlY3H5hH_SWpdV_JE2SUs2TdnSj4AOjs4SWlEUY6V8SrEbTdYpPf6RtEgILiuXgL6UXdogNsPhf8I2F46gdgZD1s4pqg4dfHRPmaUZ0Lnh62zyPjG5XcX4nIhtnWIorLLr/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplVq7BA3NFmGlY3H5hH_SWpdV_JE2SUs2TdnSj4AOjs4SWlEUY6V8SrEbTdYpPf6RtEgILiuXgL6UXdogNsPhf8I2F46gdgZD1s4pqg4dfHRPmaUZ0Lnh62zyPjG5XcX4nIhtnWIorLLr/s320/6.png" width="162" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: E:\Materi kuliah\Sistem Kendali\Praktikum_2\dasar Photodioda.png" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 297.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 149.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="dasar Photodioda" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzD4lX86f54-8fdnodYdJ9dzC6ikPDPdrIYaYPvmegcr0tsq8G9s1kmxrJKWedUgzNX5v-b0Y9sdIz2Xw-VRl40KCTajWtbtwkkRBendvAtVYLJmdBGzvsbs-EWrOMMZSlMU9hMApJHRGm/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzD4lX86f54-8fdnodYdJ9dzC6ikPDPdrIYaYPvmegcr0tsq8G9s1kmxrJKWedUgzNX5v-b0Y9sdIz2Xw-VRl40KCTajWtbtwkkRBendvAtVYLJmdBGzvsbs-EWrOMMZSlMU9hMApJHRGm/s320/7.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: E:\Materi kuliah\Sistem Kendali\Praktikum_2\Photodioda.png" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 307.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 451.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Photodioda" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 12.5pt; width: 161px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LUX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vout<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">190<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">273<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">290<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,07<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">380<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">635<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">895<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1670<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,025<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 47.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi Trimpot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi LED sebelum diberi cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi LED setelah diberi cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mati <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">25%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">50%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">75%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.1pt;" width="188">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">100%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.65pt;" width="205">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nyala <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik
cahaya (LUX)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqerQfR6N0NMhBDXYlBHGsTLJMmQ2ZSrFQ88QMQKr6C-GGuRooo_2N6z8veH7sxnYKY3yg_BjWTrrSDj-UnaUFBDvusOTROy17VNYdXh-hQ76VVFgmS5iTo4t6pZUvXrT7KOrYdeWnPnFl/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqerQfR6N0NMhBDXYlBHGsTLJMmQ2ZSrFQ88QMQKr6C-GGuRooo_2N6z8veH7sxnYKY3yg_BjWTrrSDj-UnaUFBDvusOTROy17VNYdXh-hQ76VVFgmS5iTo4t6pZUvXrT7KOrYdeWnPnFl/s320/8.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan 1, menunjukkan hasil
bahwa tegangan keluaran (Vout) sebanding dengan LUX (Intensitas cahaya ) yang
diterima oleh photodioda. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada saat photodioda dibias
reverse, resistansi photodioda akan turun seiring dengan intensitas yang
diterima photodioda naik. Sehingga, resistansi yang turun menyebabkan tegangan
Vout akan naik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat intensitas cahaya yang
diterima photodioda rendah, photodioda memiliki resistansi yang tinggi sehingga
menyebabkan nilai tegangan keluarannya juga rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai
arus yang mengalir pada photodioda kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan 2, menunjukkan hasil
bahwa LED setelah diberi cahaya akan menyala saat tegangan keluaran pada
trimpot lebih kecil dari pada tegangan pada photodioda ( Vout=V+ jika non inverting input ( kaki 3
op-amp ) > inverting input ( kaki 2 op-amp) ) karena oleh Op - amp tegangan
tersebut dibandingkan antara kaki 3 dan kaki 2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan yang dikeluarkan opamp akan
positif jika tegangan pada kaki 3 op-amp lebih besar dari pada kaki 2 op-amp
sehingga dapat memicu transistor yang akan membuat LED menyala dan tegangan
keluaran akan negatif jika tegangan kaki 3 op-amp lebih kecil dari pada
tegangan kaki 2 op-amp sehingga transistro tidak terpicu yang membuat LED mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan kondisi LED sebelum diberi cahaya
sangat dipengaruhi oleh besar kecilnya resistansi pada trimot jika trimpot
diputar 100% maka resistansinya menjadi kecil sehingga terdapat tegangan pada
Op - amp sehingga memicu transistor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IX.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil percobaan
yang sudah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan pada saat photodioda tidak <span class="apple-style-span">menerima sinar inframerah</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maka arus photodioda kecil</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> dan
tegangan outputnya mendekati </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> Sebaliknya
s</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aat photodiod</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">a</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menerima pantulan sinar inframerah,
arus photodiod</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">a</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
menjadi besar</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyebabkan tegangan </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">ouput</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menjadi besar</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat
photodioda dibias reverse, resistansi photodioda semakin mengecil jika
intensitas yang diterimanya semakin membesar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Juga
hasil percobaan tegangan yang dikeluarkan pada OP-amp akan positif jika
tegangan pada non inverting lebih besar dari pada tegangan pada inverting dan
tegangan keluaran akan negatif jika tegangan pada non inverting lebih kecil
dari pada tegangan pada inverting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPARATOR<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-67682041270353304432012-04-21T17:33:00.000-07:002012-04-21T17:33:04.672-07:00LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS (LDR)<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (LDR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguji
prinsip kerja LDR terhadap intensitas cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian
rangkaian LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
grafik fungsi antara resistansi dan intensitas cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
rangkaian aplikasi<b>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR
(Ligh Dependent Resistor) adalah suatu komponen elektronik yang resistansinya
tergantung pada intensitas cahaya. LDR di buat dari bahan Cadium Sulfida yang
peka terhadap cahaya. LDR akan mempunyai hambatan yang sangat besar saat tidak
ada cahaya mengenainya (gelap). Dalam kondisi ini hambatan LDR mampu mencapai
1M ohm, akan tetapi pada saat LDR mendapat cahaya hambatan LDR akan menurun
menjadi beberapa puluh ohm saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat gelap atau cahaya redup, bahan dari cakram pada LDR menghasilkan elektron
bebas dengan jumlah yang relatif kecil. Sehingga hanya ada sedikit elektron
untuk mengangkut muatan elektrik. Artinya pada saat cahaya redup LDR menjadi
pengantar arus yang kurang baik, atau bisa disebut juga LDR memiliki resistansi
yang besar pada saat gelap atau cahaya redup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat cahaya terang, ada lebih banyak elektron yang lepas dari bahan
semikonduktor tersebut. Sehingga akan ada lebih banyak elektron untuk
mengangkut muatan elektrik. Artinya pada saat cahaya terang LDR menjadi
konduktor atau bisa disebut juga LDR memilki resistansi yang kecil pada saat
cahaya terang. LDR digunakan untuk mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi
listrik. Saklar cahaya otomatis adalah salah satu contoh alat yang menggunakan
LDR. Akan tetapi karena responsnya
terhadap cahaya cukup lambat, LDR tidak digunakan pada situasi dimana
intesitas cahaya berubah secara drastis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
LDR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol
rangkaian yang digunakan untuk Foto-resistor atau LDR adalah penggabungan
resistor dan penunjukkan bahwa resistor tersebut sensitif terhadap cahaya.
Simbol dasar Foto-resistor / LDR memiliki persegi panjang yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan fungsi resistansi-nya, dan kemudian memiliki dua panah masuk, sama
seperti yang digunakan untuk foto-dioda dan foto-transistor, untuk menunjukkan sensitivitasnya
terhadap cahaya. Sebagian menggunakan lingkaran pada resistor-nya, sebagian
lagi tidak. Simbol Foto-resistor atau LDR yang lebih umum digunakan adalah
resistor tanpa lingkaran di sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian elektronik yang dapat digunakan untuk Foto-resistor
atau LDR adalah rangkaian yang dapat mengukur nilai resistansi dari
Foto-resistor / LDR tersebut. Dari hukum ohm, diketahui bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V = I.R</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan V adalah beda potensial antara dua titik, I adalah arus
yang mengalir di antara-nya, dan R adalah resistansi di antara-nya. Lebih
lanjut dikatakan pula bahwa nilai R tidak bergantung dari V ataupun I.
Sehingga, jika ada perubahan nilai resistansi dari R, maka nilai tegangan V-nya
pun akan berubah. Jika beda potensial di-set tetap, maka perubahan resistansi
hanya akan mempengaruhi besar arusnya. Dan persamaan tersebut akan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I = V / R</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua persamaan tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai rangkaian
yang dapat mendeteksi perubahan resistansi dari Foto-resistor atau LDR. Pada
persamaan pertama, nilai V akan berubah jika resistansi berubah, sedangkan pada
persamaan kedua, nilai I yang akan berubah. Namun, pada banyak mikrokontroler,
telah ter-integrasi rangkaian ADC yang dapat membaca tegangan (V) analog dengan
baik. Sehingga pada pembahasan, rangkaian pembacaan nilai resistansi dari
Foto-resistor atau LDR adalah yang berdasar pada persamaan pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRvDCUe5Wvv_ErKVgBS5w_IxkTOXB-cVUtczxgvQrVTeewbKDBLQe6F1ilQX7HWjsC844TuoccpYi1ZrG6fm6fWPWUU0inoNFsYCAxX7edj6RfHDdrRo3sGP91m7LYRVutd0mfQUoqu1T/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRvDCUe5Wvv_ErKVgBS5w_IxkTOXB-cVUtczxgvQrVTeewbKDBLQe6F1ilQX7HWjsC844TuoccpYi1ZrG6fm6fWPWUU0inoNFsYCAxX7edj6RfHDdrRo3sGP91m7LYRVutd0mfQUoqu1T/s1600/3.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://depokinstruments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/ldr_2.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 184.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 194.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="ldr_2" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan rangkaian sederhana seperti di atas, intesitas cahaya
dapat diukur dengan mengukur nilai tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(dalam volt). Karena intensitas cahaya
akan mempengaruhi nilai resistansi LDR yang dengan demikian akan mempengaruhi
pula nilai V<sub>LDR</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ59epFvRxedL74EYfwkAe6SeCAGruy3AAQ96-bhhR7dzmdf2ih2YD3oIjNlbn1mLLriXmflS3w3HoAo4WSjV66zIiKsYMlkshzoAGtEKbdF-FBqGPfe09F5vGfkWicaOjn5Irsj4DO06U/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ59epFvRxedL74EYfwkAe6SeCAGruy3AAQ96-bhhR7dzmdf2ih2YD3oIjNlbn1mLLriXmflS3w3HoAo4WSjV66zIiKsYMlkshzoAGtEKbdF-FBqGPfe09F5vGfkWicaOjn5Irsj4DO06U/s320/4.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://depokinstruments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/ldr_3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 201.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 252.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="ldr_3" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya tambahkan kapasitor pada LDR seperti pada gambar di
atas. Dengan penambahan kapasitor, nilai V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tidak akan berubah secara signifikan.
Tetapi respon terhadap perubahan intensitas memang sedikit lebih lambat. Namun,
dengan kapasitor tersebut, tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>akan lebih stabil. Dengan pemilihan
nilai kapasitor yang tepat (0.1 uF – 1 uF), respon terhadap perubahan tetap
baik, dan akan didapatkan tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transistor
2N 2222<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor
1K ohm<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VR
50K<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda
1N 4001<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LED<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
Tegangan DC 5 Volt<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bread
board<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel
penghubung<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GAMBAR
RANGKAIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjBneZW9CkY4nAoZSyOpl7KNa0Vp5iBwMshZBDJnqzXLEr-UYjpDRtRcl1z1UwPTI-xeP5ee6F3HqVlKdZp16Ds0JpW92PspYpr6Rh_XUU1o57NZ9Ii8ZVQr77iJbVkwml2ADw60l3jgA/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjBneZW9CkY4nAoZSyOpl7KNa0Vp5iBwMshZBDJnqzXLEr-UYjpDRtRcl1z1UwPTI-xeP5ee6F3HqVlKdZp16Ds0JpW92PspYpr6Rh_XUU1o57NZ9Ii8ZVQr77iJbVkwml2ADw60l3jgA/s320/5.png" width="236" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANGKAH
KERJA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkai
komponen tersebut pada bread board sesuai dengan gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
telah di setujui hidupkan power supplay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menempatkan
senter pada posisi 8 cm jauhnya dari rangkaian sensor LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
cahaya pada LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
resisten pada LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isi
data pada tabel I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulangi
percobaan 2-7 dengan mengubah jarak antara senter dan rangkaian LDR mulai jarak
1 cm-8 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percbaan II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkai
komponen tersebut pada bread ssesuai dengan Gb 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
telah di setujui hidupkan power supply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
VR pada posisi minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
tegangan LDR, VR, dan VEC. Amati apa yang terjadi pada LED.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat
hasil pada tabel I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi tengah. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi maksimal. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR, atur VR sampai LED menyala. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bereskan
alat dan bersihkan bengkel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes
point (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intensitas
cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">380<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">250
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">285<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">450
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">107<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,4k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,6k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi
VR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V.LDR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.45pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V.VR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.45pt;" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.8pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LED<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Min<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Med<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Max<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.75pt;" width="572">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Led
Nyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Redup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.85pt;" width="130">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agak
Terang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.45pt;" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.8pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amat
Tetang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="66"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="9"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="56"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="48"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="5"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="65"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="61"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
gambar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHoUiM6xrNDyHeq6uVZCKX-hG05j6EZchvI5BN5iZSsdRygnVaM4llYk5WZa3-BxrXcm8wNngcwMCm26g1huyBnkYopo_-R22m79t3xUVqR5yBkjI9k7bTytHUBHm9V_qMWbRcWEREJYj/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHoUiM6xrNDyHeq6uVZCKX-hG05j6EZchvI5BN5iZSsdRygnVaM4llYk5WZa3-BxrXcm8wNngcwMCm26g1huyBnkYopo_-R22m79t3xUVqR5yBkjI9k7bTytHUBHm9V_qMWbRcWEREJYj/s320/6.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">Tegangan pada LDR</span>
</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan
pada variabel resistor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan
pada transistor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan
pada LED<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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AAA=
" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 214.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 350.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png">
<o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahwa dari grafik di atas jika cahaya yang diberikan
kepada LDR semakain terang maka tahanan yang terdapat pada LDR semakin kecil,
dan sebaliknya jika cahaya yang diberikan kepada LDR semakin terang maka
tahanan yang terdapat pada LDR semakin besar. Dan perubahan cahaya pada LDR
berpengaruh pada tabel II dimana saat LDR ditutup dan dibuka tegangan pada
setiap komponen transistor, LED, dan LDR juga berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
percobaan praktikum jika cahaya yang di sinarkan ke LDR semakin terang maka
lampu LED semakin terang.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
LDR mendapat cahaya lebih terang maka hambatan LDR akan turun.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
LDR mendapat cahaya semakin sedikit maka hambatan LDR akan semakan besar.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi
LDR tergantung pada intensitas cahaya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-361081968589812082012-04-10T18:36:00.001-07:002012-04-10T18:36:43.719-07:00Laporan PLC 6 dan 7 lengkapLaporan PLC 6 dan 7 lengkap download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?1x7xug3guluydwi">disini</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-74063136792123114032012-04-03T03:35:00.001-07:002012-04-03T03:35:53.363-07:00TUgas Laporan PLC Unit 5TUgas Laporan Unit 5<br />
pembahasaan buat sendiri untuk laporan dapat di download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?9f29zmhk7hmsr8y">disini</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-46570974389315120502012-03-20T08:52:00.001-07:002012-03-20T08:52:33.933-07:00Program LADDER MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERSAMAAN DAN MATI BERURUTAN<div style="text-align: center;">
MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERSAMAAN DAN MATI BERURUTAN</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Program LADDERR :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbD0GtSZJ6rW0UYPPX62lcCPaWJQ6Pe9fINY8j58_mc3BmdgY3gG9zWxb3PCtAcTXQ7g30sd_fOvIphze5RqoMXJXRXS0GHiJHG6m9bd5avBNJPsDi_8zp6ItqQL9WIQsc_KUKmQKz5Is6/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbD0GtSZJ6rW0UYPPX62lcCPaWJQ6Pe9fINY8j58_mc3BmdgY3gG9zWxb3PCtAcTXQ7g30sd_fOvIphze5RqoMXJXRXS0GHiJHG6m9bd5avBNJPsDi_8zp6ItqQL9WIQsc_KUKmQKz5Is6/s320/4.png" width="196" /></a></div>
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Program Konsole :</div>
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</div>
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Program Ladder_C</div>
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------------------------------------------------</div>
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LADDER 1</div>
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------------------------------------------------</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>00</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.000</div>
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<br /></div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 01</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.001</div>
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<br /></div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.002</div>
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<br /></div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TRO</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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<br /></div>
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------------------------------------------------</div>
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LADDER 2</div>
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------------------------------------------------</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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<br /></div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 01</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#50</div>
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WAKTU</div>
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TM 00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- TM 03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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Kalau ada salah dalam program tolong comment ndek bawah wae....y</div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-34636177301105305892012-03-20T08:46:00.002-07:002012-03-20T08:46:50.854-07:00Program LADDER MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI SAMA - SAMA<div style="text-align: center;">
MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI SAMA - SAMA</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Program LADDER</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXPXHOsjEyEAIiDBY1BwWbR7eQt3GwnQOCBt6HGPcGio257KVZqYv332isFjXDipwp2tvzzHhVs8bZ0DafPVZVGTnUnEc6vnqvi0rF1d-pXGLPnxWT4UxrxBCX7HLX6eGBHR5lATngRDx-/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXPXHOsjEyEAIiDBY1BwWbR7eQt3GwnQOCBt6HGPcGio257KVZqYv332isFjXDipwp2tvzzHhVs8bZ0DafPVZVGTnUnEc6vnqvi0rF1d-pXGLPnxWT4UxrxBCX7HLX6eGBHR5lATngRDx-/s320/3.png" width="196" /></a></div>
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Program konsole :</div>
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Program Ladder_A</div>
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LADDER 1</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>00</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.000</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.000</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 2</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.001</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.001</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 01</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 3</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM01</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.002</div>
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NOT AND <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.002</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 4</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR3</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR3</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR3</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 03</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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TR ( TEMPORALY RELAY ) ADA 00-07</div>
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Digunakan untuk percabangan</div>
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kalau ada yang salah dikasih tahu koment dibawah y......</div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-21453809817286179842012-03-20T08:42:00.000-07:002012-03-20T08:42:41.725-07:00Program LADDER MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI SENDIRI<div style="text-align: center;">
MENJALANKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI SENDIRI</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Program LADDER : </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkVvGzhMX5GYqJi71PcQTzNlNLhE51qg8ekluVqvS4-02HxkaD2TmAN6u6DfoG7P9aR_a9fxCtjooFm885H7amXsT4q_12P4V5K3P5V_sig-bbv_0zGp9wv1tQwE7aMyDW9YWeQosW_Uu_/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkVvGzhMX5GYqJi71PcQTzNlNLhE51qg8ekluVqvS4-02HxkaD2TmAN6u6DfoG7P9aR_a9fxCtjooFm885H7amXsT4q_12P4V5K3P5V_sig-bbv_0zGp9wv1tQwE7aMyDW9YWeQosW_Uu_/s320/2.png" width="196" /></a></div>
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Program Konsole :</div>
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Program Ladder</div>
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LADDER 1</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>00</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.000</div>
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NOT AND<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.000</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR0</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 2</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 00</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.001</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.001</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR1</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 01</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 3</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 01</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.002</div>
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NOT OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>03</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.002</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TR2</div>
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OUT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#050</div>
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LADDER 4</div>
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LD<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TM 02</div>
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OR<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>01.003</div>
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00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>= TOMBOL ON</div>
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01 - 04<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>= TOMBOL OFF</div>
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demi kelancaran dan kebenaran dalam belajar...</div>
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kalau ada yang salah di kasih tahu servernya.....</div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-63322295620869797632012-03-06T07:36:00.000-08:002012-03-06T16:45:02.175-08:00Program Ladder PLC MENYALAKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI BERURUTAN<div style="text-align: center;">
PROGRAM LADDER PLC</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
MENYALAKAN MOTOR BERURUTAN DAN MATI BERURUTAN</div>
<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dalam bidang industri penggunaan mesin otomatis dan pemrosesan secara
otomatis merupakan hal yang umum. Sistem prengontrolan dengan elektromekanik
yang menggunakan relay-relay mempunyai banyak kelemahan, diantaranya
kontak-kontak yang dipakai mudah aus karena panas / terbakar atau karena hubung
singkat, membutuhkan biaya yang besar saat instalasi, pemeliharaan dan modifikasi
dari sistem yang telah dibuat jika dikemudian hari dipertlukan modifikasi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan
menggunakan PLC hal-hal ini dapat diatasii, karena sistem PLC mengintegrasikan
berbagai macam komponen yang berdiri sendiri menjadi suatu sistem kendali
terpadu dan dengan mudah merenovasi tanpa harus mengganti semua instrumen yang
ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US">LADDER DIAGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diagram Ladder menggambarkan program dalam bentuk grafik. Diagram
ini dikembangkan dari kontak-kontak relay yang terstruktur yang menggambarkan
aliran arus listrik. Dalam diagram ladder terdapat dua buah garis vertical
dimana garis vertical sebelah kiri dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan positip
catu daya dan garis sebelah kanan dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan negatip
catu daya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Program ladder ditulis menggunakan bentuk <i>pictorial</i> atau
simbol yang secara umum mirip dengan rangkaian kontrol relay. Program
ditampilkan pada layar dengan elemen-elemen seperti <i>normally open contact,
normally closed contact, timer, counter, sequencer</i> dll ditampilkan seperti
dalam bentuk <i>pictorial</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dibawah kondisi yang benar, listrik dapat mengalir dari rel sebelah
kiri ke rel sebelah kanan, jalur rel seperti ini disebut sebagai <i>ladder line</i>
(garis tangga). Peraturan secara umum di dalam menggambarkan program ladder
diagram adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Daya mengalir dari rel kiri ke
rel kanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Output </span></i><span lang="EN-US">koil tidak boleh dihubungkan secara langsung di rel sebelah kiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada kontak yang
diletakkan disebelah kanan <i>output coil<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hanya diperbolehkan satu <i>output</i>
koil pada <i>ladder line</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan diagram ladder, gambar diatas direpresantisak menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Diagram Ladder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Diantar dua garis ini dipasang kontak-kontak yang menggambarkan
kontrol dari switch, sensor atau output. Satu baris dari diagram disebut dengan
satu rung. Input menggunakan symbol [
] (kontak normally open) dan [/] (kontak
normally close). Output mempunyai symbol
( ) yang terletak paling kanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US"><u>Prinsip-prinsip Ladder Diagram PLC</u><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk
memperlihatkan hubungan antara satu rangkaian fisik dengan ladder diagram yang
mempresentasikannya, lihatlah rangkaian motor listrik pada gambar dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Motor dihubungkan ke sumber daya melalui 3 saklar yang dirangkai
secara seri ditambah saklar <i>over load</i> sebagai pengaman. Motor akan
menyala bila seluruh saklar dalam kondisi menutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Gambar 2. rangkaian start – stop motor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">Kesimpulan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ladder diagram tersusun dari
dua garis vertical yang mewakili rel daya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diantara garis vertikal
tersebut disusun garis horizontal yang disebut <i>rung</i> (anak tangga) yang
berfungsi untukmenempatkan komponen kontrol sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US">3. Praktek memori Circuit (Latch)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Rangkaian yang bersifat mengingat kondisi sebelumnya seringkali
dibutuhkan dalam kontrol logic. Pada rangkaian ini hasil keluaran dikunci (<i>latching</i>)
dengan menggunakan kontak hasil keluaran itu sendiri, sehingga walaupun input
sudah berubah, kondisi <i>output</i> tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 3.</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Latching Circuit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><b><i>Program Ladder nyala motor berurutan dan mati berurutan :</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nHcr6gSkbcGVctgUWAsXFa6ojKac-io6jnocXWLlvlpU0dSlhaVKZ7YT2v3L_HsYLK_PXgrNiEzDyG6L_UceOdTQ2XjoWF2qjgIKR48_euxnuOrGf43is-8UR3ieZX_mse8eNfJUj8Tp/s1600/mati+berurutan.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nHcr6gSkbcGVctgUWAsXFa6ojKac-io6jnocXWLlvlpU0dSlhaVKZ7YT2v3L_HsYLK_PXgrNiEzDyG6L_UceOdTQ2XjoWF2qjgIKR48_euxnuOrGf43is-8UR3ieZX_mse8eNfJUj8Tp/s320/mati+berurutan.png" width="217" /></a></div>
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Program Konsole :</div>
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LD 000.00</div>
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NOR TM 03</div>
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AND 100.00</div>
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LD TR0</div>
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OUT 100.00</div>
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LD TR0</div>
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OUT TM 00</div>
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LD TM 00</div>
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NOR TM 04</div>
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AND 100.01</div>
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LD TR1</div>
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OUT 100.01</div>
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LD TR1</div>
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OUT TM 01</div>
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LD TM 01</div>
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NOR TM 05</div>
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AND 100.02</div>
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LD TR2</div>
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OUT 100.02</div>
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LD TR2</div>
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OUT TM 02</div>
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LD TM 02</div>
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LD TR3</div>
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OUT TM 03</div>
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LD TR3</div>
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OUT TM 04</div>
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LD TR3</div>
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OUT TM 05</div>
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MAteri 1 PLC dapat d download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?0u49px8qxsnuw2j">disini</a></div>
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MAteri 2 PLC dapat d download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?tixk89yavufv2es">disini</a></div>
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Gambar di atas dpat di Download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/i/?cwz84yws5pd0rsa">disini</a></div>
<br />
Berikan Saran maupun Kritik jika ada salah dalam penulisan program.....Unknownnoreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-86398919942737382122012-02-23T00:43:00.000-08:002012-02-23T00:43:39.195-08:00MAKALAH PANCASILA DALAM KONTEKS SEJARAH PERJUANGAN BANGSA INDONESIA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">MAKALAH</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PANCASILA </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DALAM
KONTEKS SEJARAH PERJUANGAN BANGSA INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk Memenuhi
Tugas Mata Kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pendidikan
Pancasila<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">`</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.1 Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
suatu fakta historis yang sukar dibantah, bahwa sebelum tanggal 1 Juni 1945
yang disebut sebagai tanggal “lahirnya” Pancasila Ir. Soekarno yang diakui
sebagai tokoh nasional yang menggali Pancasila tidak pernah berbicara atau
menulis tentang Pancasila, baik sebagai pandangan hidup maupun, atau apalagi,
sebagai dasar negara. Dalam pidato yang beliau sampaikan tanpa konsep pada
tanggal tersebut, yang mendapat berkali-kali <i>applause</i> dari para anggota
Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), beliau
menjelaskan bahwa gagasan tentang Pancasila tersebut terbersit bagaikan ilham
setelah mengadakan renungan pada malam sebelumnya. Renungan itu beliau lakukan
untuk mencari jawaban terhadap pertanyaan Dr Radjiman Wedyodiningrat, Ketua
BPUPKI, tentang apa dasar negara Indonesia yang akan dibentuk. Lima dasar atau
sila yang beliau ajukan itu beliau namakan sebagai <i>filosofische grondslag</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai-nilai essensial yang terkandung
dalam Pancasila yaitu : Ketuhanan, Kemanusiaan, Persatuan, Kerakyatan serta
Keadilan, dalam kenyataannya secara objektif telah dimiliki oleh Bangsa
Indonesia sejak zaman dahulu kala sebelum mendirikan Negara. Proses
terbentuknya Negara dan bangsa Indonesia melalui suatu proses sejarah yang
cukup panjang yaitu sejak zaman batu kemudian timbulnya kerajaan-kerajaan pada
abad ke IV, ke V kemudian dasar-dasar kebangsaan Indonesia telah mulai nampak
pada abad ke VII, yaitu ketika timbulnya kerajaan Sriwijaya di bawah Syailendra
di Palembang, kemudian kerajaan Airlangga dan Majapahit di Jawa Timur serta
kerajaan-kerajaan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-dasar pembentukan nasionalisme modern
dirintis oleh para pejuang kemerdekaan bangsa, antara lain rintisan yang
dilakukan oleh para tokoh pejuang kebangkitan nasional pada tahun 1908,
kemudian dicentuskan pada sumpah pemuda pada tahun 1928.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam makalah ini masalah yang akan dibahas
diantaranya meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bagaimanakah
sejarah Pancasila pada masa kerajaan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bagaimanakah
Perumusan Pancasila dan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.3 Tujuan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Dalam memahami Pancasila secara lengkap dan
utuh terutama dalam kaitannya dengan jati diri bangsa Indonesia, mutlak
diperlukan pemahaman sejarah perjuangan bangsa Indonesia untuk membentuk suatu
negara yang berdasarkan suatu asas hidup bersama demi kesejahteraan hidup
bersama, yaitu negara yang berdasarkan Pancasila. Selain itu secara
epistemologis sekaligus sebagai pertanggungjawaban ilmiah, bahwa Pancasila
selain sebagai dasar negara Indonesia juga sebagai pandangan hidup bangsa, jiwa
dan kepribadian bangsa serta sebagai perjanjian seluruh bangsa Indonesia pada
waktu mendirikan negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PE</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1 Sejarah Pancasila pada Masa
Kerajaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.1 Kerajaan
Kutai<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia
memasuki zaman sejarah pada tahun 400M, dengan ditemukannya prasasti yang
berupa 7 <i>yupa</i> (tiang batu).
Berdasarkan prasasti tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa raja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ulawarman keturunan dari raja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">swawarman ketrurunan dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udungga. Raja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ulawarman menurut prasasti tersebut
mengadakan kenduri dan memberi sedekah kepada para </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rahmana, dan para </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rahmana membangun <i>yupa</i> itu sebagai tanda terimakasih raja
yang dermawan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Bambang Sumadio, dkk.,1977 : 33-32)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Masyarakat kutai yang membuka
zaman sejarah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia
pertama kalinya ini menampilkan nilai-nilai sosial politik dan ketuhanan dalam
bentuk kerajaan, kenduri, serta sedekah kepada para </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rahmana. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alam zaman kuno (400-1500) terdapat
dua kerajaan yang berhasil mencapai integrasi dengan wilayah yang meliputi
hampir separoh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia
dan seluruh wilayah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia
sekarang yaitu kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">riwijaya di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">umatra dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit yang berpusat di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.2 Kerajaan
Sriwijaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Mr. M. Yamin bahwa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berdirinya
negara kebangsaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia
tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan kerajaan-kerajaan lama yang merupakan warisan
nenek moyang bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia.
Negara kebangsaaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia
terbentuk melalui tiga tahap yaitu : pertama, zaman </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">riwijaya di bawah wangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yailendra (600-1400), yang
bercirikan kedatuan. Kedua, negara kebangsaan zaman </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit (1293-1525) yang bercirikan
keprabuan, kedua tahap tersebut merupakan negara kebangsaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia lama. Kemudian ketiga,
kebangsaan modern yaitu negara bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndonesia merdeka (sekarang negara proklamasi 17 agustus
1945) (sekretariat negara RI 1995 :11). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada abad
ke VII munculah suatu kerajaan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">umatra yaitu kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijaya, di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bawah kekuasaaan bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yailendra. Hal ini termuat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam prasasti </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">edudukan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ukit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di kaki bukit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">guntang dekat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alembang yang bertarikh 605 caka atau 683 M.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alam bahasa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elayu kuno huruf </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">allawa. Kerajaan itu adalah kerajaan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aritim yang mengandalkan kekuatan
lautnya, kunci-kunci lalu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lintas laut di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sebelah barat dikuasainya seperti selat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US">S</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unda
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(686), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kemudian
selat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alaka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (775)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">zaman itu kerjaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">riwijaya merupakan kerajaan besar yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cukup disegani di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kawasan asia selatan. Perdagangan
dilakukan dengan mempersatukan pedagang pengrajin dan pegawai raja yang disebut
<i>Tuhan An Vatakvurah</i> sebagai pengawas
dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengumpul semacam koperasi sehingga
rakat mudah untuk memasarkan dagangannya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Keneth R.
Hall, 1976 : 75-77)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Demikian pula dalam sistem pemerintahaannya terdapat pegawai pengurus pajak,
harta benda, kerajaan, ro</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hania</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
menjadi pengawas teknis pembangunan gedung-gedung dan patung-patung suci
sehingga pada saat itu kerajaan dalam menjalankan sistem negaranya tidak dapat
dilepaskan dengan nilai </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">etuhanan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Suwarno, 1993, 19)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agama dan kebudayaan dikembangkan
dengan mendirikan suatu universitas agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udha, yang sangat terkenal di negara
lain di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sia.
Banyak musyafir dari negara lain misalnya dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ina belajar terlebih dahulu di
universitas tersebut terutama tentang agam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udha dan bahasa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ansekerta sebelum melanjutkan
studinya ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndia.
Malahan banyak guru-guru besar tamu dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndia yang mengajar di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">riwijaya misalnya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">harmakitri. Cita-cita tentang
kesejahteraan bersama dalam suatu negara adalah tercemin pada kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">riwijaya tersebut yaitu berbunyi <i>‘marvuat vanua criwijaya dhayatra subhiksa’</i>
(suatu cita-cita negara yang adil dan makmur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ulaiman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tanpa
tahun : 53</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.3 Zaman Kerajaan-kerajaan Sebelum Majapahit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit muncul sebagai suatu
kerajaan yang memancangkan nilai-nilai nasionalisme, telah muncul
kerajaan-kerajaan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engah d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">imur secara silih berganti. Kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alingga pada abad ke VII, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anjaya pada abad ke VIII yang ikut
membantu membangun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">candi
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alasan untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ewa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ara dan sebuah wihara untuk pendeta </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udha didirikan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engah bersama dengan dinasti </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yailendra (abad ke VII dan IX).
Refleksi puncak dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engah dalam periode-periode kerajaan-keraja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut adalah dibangunnya candi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orobudur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US">(candi agama Budha pada abad ke IX),</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan candi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rambanan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (candi
agama Hindhu pada abad ke X)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain
kerajaan-kerajaan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engah tersebut di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">imur muncullah kerajaan-kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sana</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (pada abad
ke IX)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">armawangsa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (abad ke X)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> demikian juga kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">irlanga pada abad ke XI. Raja
Airlangga membuat bangunan keagamaan dan asrama,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan raja ini memiliki sikap toleransi dalam beragama. Agama
yang diakui oleh kerajaan adalah agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udha , agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">isnu dan agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yiwa yang hidup berdampingan secara
damai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Toyyibin, 1997 : 26)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut prasasti Kelagen, Raja
Airlangga teelah mengadakan hubungan dagang dan bekerja sama dengan Benggala,
Chola dan Champa hal ini menunjukkan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Demikian pula
Airlangga mengalami penggemblengan lahir dan batin di hutan dan tahun 1019 para
pengikutnya, rakyat dan para Brahmana bermusyawarah dan memutuskan untuk
memohon Airlangga bersedia menjadi raja, meneruskan tradisi istana, sebagai
nilai-nilai sila keempat. Demikian pula menurut prasasti Kelagen, pada tahun
1037, raja Airlangga memerintahkan untuk membuat tanggul dan waduk demi
kesejahteraan rakyat yang merupakan nilai-nilai sila kelima (Toyyibin, 1997 :
28-29).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wilayah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ediri </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">imur berdiri pula kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ingasari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (pada abad
ke XIII)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang kemudian sangat erat hubungannya
dengan berdirinya kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.4 Kerjaan Majapahit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1923 berdirilah kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit yang mencapai zaman keemasannya
pada pemerintahan raja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ayam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">uruk dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ahapatih </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada yang di bantu oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aksamana </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ala </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">da</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lam memimpin armadanya untuk
menguasai nusantara. Wilayah kekuasaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit semasa jayanya itu
membentang dari semenanjung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elayu (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alaysia sekarang) sampai </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arat melalui </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alimantan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tara. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada waktu
itu agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">indu
dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">udha
hidup berdampingan dengan damai dalam satu kerajaan. Empu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rapanca menulis </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">egarakertagama</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dalam kitab tersebut telah telah
terdapat istilah “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ancasila”.
Empu tantular mengarang buku </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">utasoma</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan didalam buku itulah kita
jumpai seloka persatuan nasional, yaitu “</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hineka </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unggal </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ka</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”, yang bunyi lengkapnya “</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hineka </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unggal </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ka </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">an </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ana </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">harma </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">angrua</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”, artinya walaupun berbeda , namun
satu jua adanya sebab tidak ada agama yang memiliki tuhan yang berbeda. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">umpah
</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alapa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang diucapkan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ahapatih </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada dalam sidang ratu dan
menteri-menteri di paseban</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keprabuan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit pada tahun 1331, yang
berisi cita-cita mempersatukan seluruh nusantara raya sebagai berikut : “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aya baru akan berhentui berpuasa
makan pelapa, jikalau seluruh nusantara bertakluk di bawah kekuasaan negara,
jikalau </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urun,
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eram, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anjung, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aru, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ahang, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">empo, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unda, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alembang dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">umasik telah dikalahkan”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Yamin,
1960 : 60)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam tata pemerintahan kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit terdapat semacam penasehat
seperti </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akryan
I Hino , I </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">irikan,
dan I Halu yang bertugas memberikan nasehat kepada raja, hal ini sebagai
nilai-nilai musyawarah mufakat yang dilakukan oleh sistem pemerintahan kerajaan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajapahit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.5 Zaman Penjajahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
abat ini sejarah mencatat bahwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elanda
berusaha dengan keras untuk memperkuat dan mengitensifkan kekuasaannya di
seluruh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia.
Melihat hal tersebut maka munculah perlawanan yang masih bersifat kedaerahaan.
Seperti di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aluku
(1817), </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mam
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">onjol
(1821-1837), </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">angeran
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">iponegoro
dan masih banyak lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dorongan akan cinta tanah air
menimbulkan semangat untuk melawan penindasan belanda, namun sekali lagi karena
tidak adanya kesatuan dan persatuan di antara mereka dalam melawan penjajah,
maka perlawanan terebut senantiasa kandas dan menimbulkan banyak korban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ajapahit runtuh pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">permulaan abad XVI maka
berkembanglah agama islam dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pesatnya
di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia.
Bersama dengan itu berkembang pulalah kerajaan-kerajaan islam seperti kerajan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emak, dan mulailah berdatangan
orang-orang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ropa
di nusantara. Mereka itu antara lain orang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ortugis yang kemudian diikuti oleh
orang-orang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">panyol
yang ingin mencari pusat tanaman rempah-rempah. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
asing yang masuk ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
yang pada awalnya berdagang adalah orang-orang portugis. Pada akhir abad ke XVI
bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elanda
datang pula ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
dengan menempuh jalan yang penuh kesulitan. Utuk menghindarkan persaingan
diantara mereka sendiri, kemudian mereka mendirikan suatu perkumpulan dagang
yang bernama V.O.C, yang dikalangan rakyat dikenal dengan istilah ‘<i>kompeni</i>’. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktek-praktek
VOC mulai kelihatan dengan paksaan-paksaan sehingga rakyat mulai mengadakan
perlawanan. Mataram dibawah pemerintahan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ultan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (1613-1645)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berupaya mengadakan
perlawanan dan menyerang ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atavia
pada tahun 1628 dan tahun 1929, wala</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pun
tidak berhasil meruntuhkan namun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bernur
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">endral
J.P </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oen
tewas dalam serangan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ultan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gung
yang kedua itu. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akasar
yang memiliki kedudukan yang sangat vital berhasil juga dikuasai kompeni tahun
1667 dan timbullah perlawanan dari rakyat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akasar di bawah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asanudin. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enyusul pula wilayah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anten</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (Sultan Ageng Tirtoyoso)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dapat ditundukkan pula oleh kompeni pada tahun 1684. Perlawanan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">runojoyo, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uropati di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">awa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">imur pada akhir abad ke XVII
nampaknya tidak mampu meruntuhkan kekuasa. Demikian kompeni pada saat itu.
Demikian pula ajak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bnu
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">skandar
pimpinan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rmada
dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inangkabau
untuk mengadakan perlawanan bersama terhadap kompeni juga tidak mendapat
sambutan yang hangat. perlawanan bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia terhadap penjajahan yang
terpencar-pencar dan tidak memiliki koordinasi tersebut banyak mengalami
kegagalan sehingga banyak menimbulkan korban bagi anka-anak bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.6 Kebangkitan Nasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atas
kesadaran bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
maka berdirilah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">udi
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tomo
dipelopori </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> W</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahidin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">udirihusodo pada tanggal 20 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ei 1908. Gerakan ini merupahan awal
gerakan kemerdekaan dan kekuatan sendiri. Lalu mulailah berunculan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndische </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">artij dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam masalah ini munculah PNI (1927)
yang dipelopori oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oekarno.
Mulailah perjuangan bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
menitik beratkan pada kesatuan nasional dengan tujuan yang jelas yaitu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia merdeka. Kemudian pada
tanggal 28 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ktober
1928 lahirlah </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">umpah
</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emuda</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sebagai penggerak kebangkitan nasional.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada masa ini banyak berdiri
gerakan-gerakan nasional untuk mewujudkan suatu bangsa yang memiliki kehormatan
akan kemerdekaan dan kekuataannya sendiri. Diantaranya adalah Budi Utomo yang
dipelopori oleh Dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo pada 20 Mei 1908, kemudian Sarekat
Dagang Islam (SDI) tahun 1909 serta Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) tahun 1927
yang didirikan oleh Soekarno, Cipto Mangunkusumo, Sartono serta tokoh lainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sejak saat itu perjuangan nasional
Indonesia mempunyai tujuan yang jelas yaitu Indonesia merdeka. Perjuangan
nasional diteruskan dengan adanya gerakan Sumpah Pemuda pada tanggal 28 Oktober
1928 yang menyatakan satu bahasa, satu bangsa serta satu tanah air yaitu
Indonesia Raya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1.7 Zaman Penjajahan Jepang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Janji
penjajah Belanda tentang Indonesia merdeka hanyalah suatu kebohongan belaka dan
tidak pernah menjadi kenyataan samp</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i
akhir penjajahan Belanda tanggal 10 Maret 1940. Kemudian Jepang masuk ke
Indonesia dengan propaganda “<i>Jepang
memimpin Asia. Jepang saudara tua bangsa Indonesia</i>”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tanggal 29 April 1945 bersamaan dengan ulang tahun Kaisar Jepang, penjajah
Jepang akan memberikan kemerdekaan kepada bangsa Indonesia. Janji ini diberikan
karena Jepang terdesak oleh tentara Sekutu. Bangsa Indonesia diperbolehkan
memperjuangkan kemerdekaannya, dan untuk mendapatkan simpati dan dukungan
bangsa Indonesia maka Jepang menganjurkan untuk membentuk suatu badan yang
bertugas menyelidiki usaha-usaha persiapan kemerdekaan yaitu BPUPKI (Badan
Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) atau Dokuritsu Zyumbi
Tiosakai. Pada hari itu juga diumumkan sebagai Ketua (Kaicoo) Dr. KRT. Radjiman
Widyodiningrat yang kemudian mengusulkan bahwa agenda pada sidang BPUPKI adalah
membahas tentang dasar negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tanggal 29 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pril
1945 bersamaan dengan ulang tahun kaisar jepang, memberikan hadiah ulang tahun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kepada bangsa indonesia yaitu
kemerdekaan tanpa syarat setelah panghancuran </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agasaki dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">irosima oleh sekutu. Untuk
mendapatkan simpati dan dukungan terbentuklah suatu badan BPUPKI.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2 Perumusan Pancasila dan Proklamasi
Kemerdekaan Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 2.2.1 Sidang BPUPKI Pertama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
upaya merumuskan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara yang resmi, terdapat
usulan-usulan pribadi yang dikemukakan dalam Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan
Kemerdekaan Indonesia yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Muh. Yamin (29 Mei 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pidatonya tanggal
29 Mei 1945 Muh. Yamin mengusulkan calon rumusan dasar negara sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peri
kebangsaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peri
kemanusian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peri
Ketuhanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peri
kerakyatan (permusyawaratan, perwakilan, kebijaksanaan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesejahteraan
rakyat (keadilan sosial).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Selain
usulan tersebut pada akhir pidatonya Muh. Yamin menyerahkan naskah sebagai
lampiran yaitu suatu rancangan usulan sementara berisi rumusan Undang Undang
Dasar RI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prof.
Dr. Supomo (31 Mei 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pidatonya Prof.
Dr. Supomo mengemukakan teori-teori negara sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori negara prseorangan(individualis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paham negara kelas(class theory)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paham negara integralistik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Selanjutnya
dalam kaitannya dengan dasar filsafat negara Indonesia Soepomo mengusulkan
hal-hal mengenai: kesatuan, kekeluargaan, keseimbangan lahir dan batin,
musyawarah, keadilan rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Ir. Soekarno (1 Juni 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam
hal ini Ir. Soekarno menyampaikan dasar negara yang terdiri atas lima prinsip
yang rumusanya yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1.
Nasionalisme (kebangsaan Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2.
Internasionalisme (peri kemanusiaan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esejahteraan sosial 4. Ketuhanan
yang Maha Esa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beliau juga mengusulkan bahwa pancasila adalah
sebagai dasar filsafat negara dan pandangan hidup bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukarno mengemukakan dasar-dasar sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekarang
banyaknya prinsip: kebangsaan, internasionalisme, mufakat, kesejahteraan, dan
ketuhanan, lima bilangannya. Namanya bukan Panca Dharma, tetapi saya namakan
ini dengan petunjuk seorang teman kita ahli bahasa - namanya ialah Pancasila.
Sila artinya azas atau dasar, dan diatas kelima dasar itulah kita mendirikan
negara Indonesia, kekal dan abadi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2.2 Sidang BPUPKI Kedua </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(10-16 Juli 1945)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusunan pancasila
oleh panitia sembilan, serta pemakaian istilah “<i>hukum dasar</i>” diganti dengan undang-undang dasar karena hal ini
merupakan hukum retulis atas saran prof. Soepomo. Serta membahas bentuk negara
yang setuju adalah pro republik. Keputusan-keputusan lain adalah membentuk
panitia kecil. Perancang undang-undang dasar di ketuai oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oekarno, panitia ekonomi dan
keuangan di ketuai oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oh.
Hatta dan pembea tahan air di ketuai oleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bikusno </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jokrosoejono.</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
sidang ini dibentuk panitia kecil yang terdiri dari 9 orang dan popular disebut
dengan “<i>panitia sembilan</i>” yang
anggotanya adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ir.
Soekarno<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wachid
Hasyim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Muh. Yamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Maramis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drs.
Moh. Hatta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Soebarjo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kyai
Abdul Kahar Muzakir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abikoesmo
Tjokrosoejoso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Haji
Agus Salim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Panitia
sembilan ini mengadakan pertemuan secara sempurna dan mencapai suatu hasil baik
yaitu suatu persetujuan antara golongan islam dengan golongan kebangsaan.
Adapun naskah preambule yang disusun oleh panitia sembilan tersebut pada bagian
terakhir adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“…………maka disusunlah kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia
itu dalam suatu hukum dasar negara Indonesia, yang terbentuk dalam suatu negara
Republik Indonesia yang berkedaulatan rakyat dengan berdasar kepada : Ketuhanan
dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari’at islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya, menurut
dasar kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab, persatuan Indonesia dan kerakyatan
yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan sreta
dengan mewujudkan suatu keadilan sosisal bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam
sidang BPUPKI kedua ini pemakaian istilah hukum dasar diganti dengan istilah
undang-undang dasar. Keputusan penting dalam rapat ini adalah tentang bentuk
negara republik dan luas wilayah negara baru. tujuan anggota badan penyelidik
adalah menghendaki Indonesia raya yang sesungguhnya yang mempersatukan semua
kepulauan Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan Undang Undang
Dasar yang diusulkan terdiri atas tiga bagian yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan
Indonesia merdeka, yang berupa dakwaan dimuka dunia atas Penjajahan Belanda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembukaan
yang didalamnya terkandung dasar negara Pancasila<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal-pasal Undang Undang Dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2.3 Proklamasi K</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emerdekaan
dan </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">idang
PPKI</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pertengahan bulan agustus 1945 akan dibentuk PPKI. Untuk keperluan itu Ir.
Soeka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">no
dan Drs. Muh. Hatta dan Dr. Radjiman diberangkatkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aigon atas pangilan jendral besar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erauchi. Pada tanggal 9 agustus
1945 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">endral
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erauchi
memberikan kepada mereka 3 cap, yaitu :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soekarno diangkat sebagai ketua
PPKI, Muh. Hatta sebagai wakil dan
Radjiman sebagai anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Panitia persiapan boleh mulai bekerja
pada tanggal 9 agustus 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cepat atau tidaknya pekerjaan panitia di
serahkan seperlunya pada panitia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sekembaliannya
dari saigon 14 agustus 1945, Ir. Soekarno mengumumkan dimuka umum bahwa bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia akan merdeka sebelum
jagung berbunga (secepat mungkin) dan kemerdekaan bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">indonesia ini bukan merupakan
hadiah dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">epang
melainkan dari hasil perjuangan sendiri.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah Jepang menyerah
pada sekutu, maka kesempatan itu dipergunakan sebaik-baiknya oleh para pejuang
kemerdekaan bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia.
Untuk mempersiapkan Proklamasi tersebut maka pada tengah malam, Soekarno-Hatta
pergi ke rumah Laksamana Maeda di Oranye Nassau Boulevard (sekarang Jl.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">onjol No.1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah
diperoleh kepastian maka Soekarno-Hatta mengadakan pertemuan pada larut malam
dengan Mr. Achmad Soebardjo, Soekarni, Chaerul Saleh, B.M. Diah, Sayuti Melik,
Dr. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untaran,
Mr. Iwakusuma Sumantri dan beberapa anggota PPKI untuk merumuskan redaksi
naskah Proklamasi. Pada pertemuan tersebut akhirnya konsep Soekarno lah yang
diterima dan diketik oleh Sayuti Melik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kemudian pagi harinya pada tanggal 17
Agustus 1945 di Pegangsaan timur 56 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akarta,
tepat pada hari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">umat
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">egi,
jam 10 pagi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">W</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aktu
Indonesia </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">arat
(Jam 11.30 waktu jepang), Bung Karno dengan didampingi Bung Hatta membacakan
naskah Proklamasi dengan khidmad dan diawali dengan pidato, sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P R O K L A M A S I</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan
Kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal-hal yeng mengenai pemindahan kekuasaan dan lain-lain
diselenggarakan dengan cara seksama dan dalam tempo yang sesingkat-singkatnya.</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jakarta, 17 Agustus 1945<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atas Nama Bangsa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soekarno Hatta</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sehari setelah Proklamasi keesokan
harinya pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, PPKI mengadakan sidangnya yang pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sidang Pertama (18 Agustus 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sidang pertama PPKI dihadiri 27 orang dan
menghasilkan keputusan-keputusan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengesahkan Undang-Undang dasar
1945 yang meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
melakukan beberapa perubahan pada piagam Jakarta yang kemudian berfungsi
sebagai pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan
rancangan Hukum Dasar yang telah diterima dari badan penyilidik pada tanggal 17
juli 1945, setelah mengalami berbagai perubahan karena berkaitan dengan
perubahan piagam Jakarta, kemudian berfungsi sebagai undang-undang dasar 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang pertama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan
berdirinya Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat sebagai badan Musyawarah darurat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proklamasi kemerdekaan 17 agustus 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pebedaan
terjadi antara golongan muda dan dolongan muda tentang kapan pelaksanaan
proklamasi. Oleh karena iti perbedaan memuncak dan menyebabkan soekarno hatta
ke rengas dengklok agar tidak mendapat pengaruh jepang. Kemudian oada pagi hari
tanggal 17 agustus 1945 di jalan penggasan timur 56 jakarta, bung karno di
damopingi oleh bung hatta membacakan teks proklamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sidang
PPKI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sidang pertama (18 agustus 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dihadiri 27
orang dan menghasilkan keputusan berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengesahkan UUD 1945 meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melakukan perubahan piagam
jakarta yang kemudian berfungsi sebagai pembukaan UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan rancangan hukum dasar yang
telah diterima dari badan penyelidik pada tanggal 17 juli 1945, mengalami
perubahan karena berkaitan dengan perubahan piagam jakarta dan kemudian
berfungsi sebagai UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih presiden dan wakil presiden yang
pertama menetapkan berdirinya komite nasional indonesia pusat sebagai badan
musawarah darurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 100.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 82.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Sidang
kedua (19 agustus 1945)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
ketetapan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang daerah propinsi : jawa barat,
jawa tengah, jawa timur, sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, maluku dan sunda kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk sementara waktu kedudukan kooti
dan sebagainya di teruskan seperti sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk sementara waktu kedudukan dan
gemeente diteruskan seperti sekarang dan di bentuknya 12 departemen kementrian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Sidang
ketiga (20 agustus 1945)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 82.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan
pembahasan terhadap agenda tentang “<i>badan
penolong korban perang</i>” yang terdiri dari 8 pasal tersebut yaitu pasal 2
dibentuklah suatu badan yang disebut “</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adan </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eamanan </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">R</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akyat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”
BKR.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 82.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4.)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sidang keempat (22 agustus 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membahas
agenda tentang komite nasional </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">artai
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asional
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
yang berkedudukan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2.4 Masa </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ecara
ilmiah masa Proklamasi kemerdekaan dapat mengandung pengertian sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ari
sudut hukum ( secara yuridis) proklamasi merupakan saat tidak berlakunya tertib
hukum kolonial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara politis ideologis proklamasi
mengandung arti bahwa bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia
terbebas dari penjajahan bangsa asing melalui kedaulatan untuk menentukan nasib
sendiri dalam suatu negara Proklamasi Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
prokamasi kemerdekaan 17 Agustus 1945 ternyata bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ndonesia masih menghadapi kekuatan
sekutu yang berupaya menanamkan kembali kekuasaan Belanda di Indonesia, yaitu
pemaksaan untuk mengakui pemerintahan Nica ( Netherland Indies Civil
Administration). Selain itu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elanda</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> juga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara licik mempropagandakan
kepada dunia luar bahwa negara Proklamasi RI. Hadiah pasis Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
melawan propaganda Belanda pada dunia </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nternasional,
maka pemerintah RI mengelurkan tiga buah maklumat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maklumat Wakil Presiden No. X tanggal 16
Oktober 1945 yang menghentikan kekuasaan luar biasa dari Presiden sebelum masa
waktunya (seharusnya berlaku selama enam bulan). Kemudian maklumat tersebut
memberikan kekuasaan tersebut kepada MPR dan DPR yang semula dipegan oleh
Presiden kepada KNIP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maklumat pemerintah tanggal 03 Nopember
1945, tantang pembentukan partai politik yang sebanyak–banyaknya oleh rakyat.
Hal ini sebagai akibat dari anggapan pada saat itu bahwa salah satu ciri
demokrasi adalah multi partai. Maklumat tersebut juga sebagai upaya agar dunia
barat menilai bahwa negara Proklamasi sebagai negara Demokratis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maklumat pemerintah tanggal 14 Nopember
1945, yang intinya maklumat ini mengubah sistem kabinet Presidental menjadi
kabinet parlementer berdasarkan asas demokrasi liberal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 118.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level4 lfo11; tab-stops: 1.0cm 92.15pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -68.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan
Negara Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
hasil dari konprensi meja bundar (KMB) maka ditanda tangani suatu persetujuan
(mantel resolusi) Oleh ratu belanda Yuliana dan wakil pemerintah RI di Kota Den
Hag pada tanggal 27 Desember 1949, maka berlaku pulalah secara otomatis
anak-anak persetujuan hasil KMB lainnya dengan konstitusi RIS, antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstitusi RIS menentukan bentuk negara
serikat (fderalis) yaitu 16 Negara pasal (1 dan 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstitusi RIS menentukan sifat
pemerintah berdasarkan asas demokrasi liberal dimana mentri-mentri bertanggung
jawab atas seluruh kebijaksanaan pemerintah terhadap parlemen (pasal 118 ayat
2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mukadiamah RIS telah menghapuskan sama
sekali jiwa dan semangat maupun isi pembukaan UUD 1945, proklamasi kemerdekaan
sebagai naskah Proklamasi yang terinci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum persetujuan KMB, bangsa
Indonesia telah memiliki kedaulatan, oleh karena itu persetujuan 27 Desember
1949 tersebut bukannya penyerahan kedaulatan melainkan “pemulihan kedaulatan”
atau “pengakuan kedaulatan”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level4 lfo11; tab-stops: 1.0cm 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia tahu</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1950<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdirinya negara RIS dalam
Sejarah ketatanegaraan Indonesia adalah sebagai suatu taktik secara politis
untuk tetap konsisten terhadap deklarasi Proklamasi yang terkandung dalam
pembukaan UUD 1945 taitu negara persatuan dan kesatuan sebagaimana termuat
dalam alinea IV, bahwa pemerintah negara.......” yang melindungi segenap bangsa
Indoneia dan seluruh tumpah darah negara Indonesia .....” yang berdasarkan
kepada UUD 1945 dan Pancasila. Maka terjadilah gerakan unitaristis secara
spontan dan rakyat untuk membentuk negara kesatuan yaitu menggabungkan diri
dengan Negara Proklamasi RI yang berpusat di Yogyakarta, walaupun pada saat itu
Negara RI yang berpusat di Yogyakarta itu hanya berstatus sebagai negara bagian
RIS saja. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
suatu ketika negara bagian dalam RIS tinggalah 3 buah negara bagian saja yaitu
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
Bagian RI Proklamasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
Indonesia Timur (NIT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
Sumatera Timur (NST)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhirnya
berdasarkan persetujuan RIS dengan negaraRI tanggal 19 Mei 1950, maka seluruh
negara bersatu dalam negara kesatuan, dengan Konstitusi Sementara yang berlaku
sejak 17 Agustus 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun
UUDS 1950 telah merupakan tonggak untuk menuju cita-cita Proklamasi, Pancasila
dan UUD 1945, namun kenyataannya masih berorientasi kepada Pemerintah yang
berasas Demokrasi Liberal sehingga isi maupun jiwanya merupakan penyimpangan
terhadap Pancasila. Hal ini disebabkan oleh hal-hal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem multi partai dan kabinet
Parlementer berakibat silih bergantinya kabinet yang rata-rata hanya berumur 6
atau 8 tahun. Hal ini berakibat tidak mempunyai Pemerintah yang menyusun
program serta tidak mampu menyalurkan dinamika Masyarakat ke arah pembangunan,
bahkan menimbulkan pertentangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pertentangan, gangguan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gangguan
keamanan serta penyelewengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyelewengan dalam masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
Ideologis Mukadimah Konstitusi Sementara 1950, tidak berhasil mendekati
perumusan otentik Pembukaan UUD 1945, yang dikenal sebagai Declaration of
Independence bangsa Indonesia. Demikian pula perumusan Pancasila dasar negara
juga terjadi penyimpangan. Namun bagaimanapun juga RIS yang berdasarkan
Pancasila dan UUD 1945 dari negara Republik Indonesia Serikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2.5 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pemilu tahun 1955 dalam kenyataannya tidak dapat memenuhi harapan dan keinginan
masyarakat, bahkan mengakibatkan ketidakstabilan pada politik, social ,ekonomi,
dan hankam. Hal ini disebabkan oleh konstituante yang seharusnya membuat UUD
negara RI ternyata membahas kembali dasar negara, maka presiden sebagai badan
yang harus bertanggung jawab mengeluarkan dekrit atau pernyataan pada tanggal 5
Juli 1959, yang isinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membubarkan Konstituante<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan kembali UUDS ’45 dan tidak
berlakunya kembali UUDS‘50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibentuknya MPRS dan DPAS dalam waktu
yang sesingkat-singkatnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdasarkan Dekrit Presiden tersebut
maka UUD 1945 berlaku kembali di negara Republik Indonesia hingga sat ini.
Dekrit adalah suatu putusan dari orang tertinggi(kepala negara atau orang lain)
yang merupakan penjelmaan kehendak yang sifatnya sepihak. Dekrit dilakukan bila
negara dalam keadaan darurat, keselamatan bangsa dan negara terancam oleh
bahaya. Landasan mukum dekrit adalah ‘Hukum Darurat’yang dibedakan atas dua
macam yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Tatanegara Darurat Subyektif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hukum Tatanegara Darurat Subjektif yaitu
suatu keadaan hukum yang memberi wewenang kepada orang tertinggi untuk
mengambil tindakan-tindakan hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Tatanegara Darurat Objektif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hukum Tatanegara Darurat Objektif yaitu
suatu keadaan hukum yang memberikan wewenang kepada organ tertinggi negara
untuk mengambil tindakan-tindakan hukum, tetapi berlandaskan konstitusi yang
berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dekrit presiden 5 Juli 1959
keadaan tatanegara Indonesia mulai stabil, keadaan ini dimanfaatkan oleh
kalangan komunis dengan menanamkan ideology belum selesai. Ideology pada saat
itu dirancang oleh PKI dengan ideology Manipol Usdek serta konsep Nasakom.
Puncak peristiwa pemberontakan PKI pada tanggal 30 September 1965 untuk merebut
kekuasaan yang sah negara RI, pemberontakan ini disertai dengan pembunuhan para
Jendral yang tidak berdosa. Pemberontakan PKI tersebut berupaya untukmenggabti
secara paksa ideology dan dasar filsafat negara Pancasila dengan ideology
komunis Marxis. Atas dasar tersebut maka pada tanggal 1Oktober 1965 diperingati
bangsa Indonesia sebagai ‘Hari Kesaktian Pancasila’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 2.2.6 Masa Orde Baru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Orde Baru’, yaitu
suatu tatanan masyrakat dan pemerintahan yang menutut dilaksanakannya Pancasila
dan UUD </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">19</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45
secara murni dan konsekuen. Munculnya orde baru diawali dengan aksi-aksi dari
seluruh masyarakat antara lain : Kesatuan Aksi Pemuda Pelajar Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(KAPPI), Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa
Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(KAMI),
Kesatuan Aksi guru Indonesia (KAGI), dan lainnya. Aksi tersebut menuntut dengar
tiga tuntutan atau yang dikenal dengan ‘Tritura’, adapun isi tritura tersebut
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembubaran PKI dan ormas-ormasnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembersihan
kabinet dari unsur G 30 S PKI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penurunan harga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Karena orde lama tidak mampu menguasai
pimpinan negara, maka Panglima tertinggi memberikan kekuasaan penuh kepada
Panglima Angkatan Darat Letnan Jendral Soeharto dalam bentuk suatu surat yang
dikenal dengan ‘surat perintah 11 Maret 1966’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Super
Semar). Tugas pemegang super semar yaitu untuk memulihkan keamanan dengan jalan
menindak pengacau keamanan yang dilakukan oleh PKI. Orde Baru berangsur-angsur
melaksanakan programnya dalam upaya merealisasikan pembangunan nasional sebagai
perwujudan pelaksanaan Pancasila dan UUD</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 19</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45 secara murni dan konsekuen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PE</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Raja Mulawarman
keturunan dari raja Aswarmanyang keturunan dari Kudungga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kerajaan Sriwijaya
dibawah kekuasaan wangsa Syilendra</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1923
berdirilah kerajaan Majapahit di bawah pemerintahaan raja Hayam Wuruk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktek VOC penuh dengan
paksaan sehingga mendapatkan perlawanan dari rakyat dan kerajaan-kerajaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Indonesia kebangkitan
nasional(1908) dipelopori oleh dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo dengan Budi Utomo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Naskah
preambule yang disusun oleh panitia Sembilan tersebut pada bagian terakhir
adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“…………maka disusunlah kemerdekaan bangsa
Indonesia itu dalam suatu hukum dasar negara Indonesia, yang terbentuk dalam
suatu negara Republik Indonesia yang berkedaulatan rakyat dengan berdasar
kepada : Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari’at islam bagi
pemeluk-pemeluknya, menurut dasar kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab, persatuan
Indonesia dan kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam
permusyawaratan perwakilan sreta dengan mewujudkan suatu keadilan sosisal bagi
seluruh rakyat Indonesia “.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Orde Baru’, yaitu suatu
tatanan masyrakat dan pemerintahan yang menutut dilaksanakannya Pancasila dan
UUD </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">45 secara murni dan konsekuen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isi
tritura sebagai berikut : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembubaran
PKI dan ormas-ormasnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembrsihan
kabinet dari unsure G 30 S PKI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
harga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2 Saran</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun selalu kami harapkan demi perbaikan dan kesempurnaan Makalah
kami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi para pembaca dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teman-teman
mahasiswa</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang lainnya, jika ingin menambah wawasan dan ingin mengetahui lebih jauh, maka
penulis mengharapkan dengan rendah hati agar lebih membaca buku-buku lainnya
yang berkaitan dengan judul “<b>PANCASILA DALAM KONTEKS SEJARAH PERJUANGAN
BANGSA INDONESIA “ </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadikan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Makalah ini sebagai
sarana yang dapat mendorong para mahasiswa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan mahasiswi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
berfikir aktif dan kreatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR REFERENSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaelan: 2004, <i>Pendidikan
Pancasila</i>, Paradigma Offset, Yogyakarta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com36tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-13592736303813466712012-02-23T00:31:00.000-08:002012-02-23T00:31:42.188-08:00LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS ( LDR )<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LAPORAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (LDR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguji
prinsip kerja LDR terhadap intensitas cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian
rangkaian LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
grafik fungsi antara resistansi dan intensitas cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
rangkaian aplikasi<b>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR
(Ligh Dependent Resistor) adalah suatu komponen elektronik yang resistansinya
tergantung pada intensitas cahaya. LDR di buat dari bahan Cadium Sulfida yang
peka terhadap cahaya. LDR akan mempunyai hambatan yang sangat besar saat tidak
ada cahaya mengenainya (gelap). Dalam kondisi ini hambatan LDR mampu mencapai
1M ohm, akan tetapi pada saat LDR mendapat cahaya hambatan LDR akan menurun
menjadi beberapa puluh ohm saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat gelap atau cahaya redup, bahan dari cakram pada LDR menghasilkan elektron
bebas dengan jumlah yang relatif kecil. Sehingga hanya ada sedikit elektron
untuk mengangkut muatan elektrik. Artinya pada saat cahaya redup LDR menjadi
pengantar arus yang kurang baik, atau bisa disebut juga LDR memiliki resistansi
yang besar pada saat gelap atau cahaya redup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat cahaya terang, ada lebih banyak elektron yang lepas dari bahan
semikonduktor tersebut. Sehingga akan ada lebih banyak elektron untuk
mengangkut muatan elektrik. Artinya pada saat cahaya terang LDR menjadi
konduktor atau bisa disebut juga LDR memilki resistansi yang kecil pada saat
cahaya terang. LDR digunakan untuk mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi
listrik. Saklar cahaya otomatis adalah salah satu contoh alat yang menggunakan
LDR. Akan tetapi karena responsnya
terhadap cahaya cukup lambat, LDR tidak digunakan pada situasi dimana
intesitas cahaya berubah secara drastis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
LDR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol
rangkaian yang digunakan untuk Foto-resistor atau LDR adalah penggabungan
resistor dan penunjukkan bahwa resistor tersebut sensitif terhadap cahaya.
Simbol dasar Foto-resistor / LDR memiliki persegi panjang yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan fungsi resistansi-nya, dan kemudian memiliki dua panah masuk, sama
seperti yang digunakan untuk foto-dioda dan foto-transistor, untuk menunjukkan sensitivitasnya
terhadap cahaya. Sebagian menggunakan lingkaran pada resistor-nya, sebagian
lagi tidak. Simbol Foto-resistor atau LDR yang lebih umum digunakan adalah
resistor tanpa lingkaran di sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://depokinstruments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/ldr_1.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 92.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 158.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7cTEREDVyiiFU9d0Ddw3H8z8QYlmzuwRpiuLqDpaFb1sNzraohYotHGxdOM6DAhyphenhyphentzLxBMYZxcfxp39iRJBESdHP0es3q4wxZpN9ncfPltsVSrWIbLuNcaLPnWZFhx1a_Q5F38ImnJ6As/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7cTEREDVyiiFU9d0Ddw3H8z8QYlmzuwRpiuLqDpaFb1sNzraohYotHGxdOM6DAhyphenhyphentzLxBMYZxcfxp39iRJBESdHP0es3q4wxZpN9ncfPltsVSrWIbLuNcaLPnWZFhx1a_Q5F38ImnJ6As/s1600/4.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian elektronik yang dapat digunakan untuk Foto-resistor
atau LDR adalah rangkaian yang dapat mengukur nilai resistansi dari
Foto-resistor / LDR tersebut. Dari hukum ohm, diketahui bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V = I.R</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan V adalah beda potensial antara dua titik, I adalah arus
yang mengalir di antara-nya, dan R adalah resistansi di antara-nya. Lebih
lanjut dikatakan pula bahwa nilai R tidak bergantung dari V ataupun I.
Sehingga, jika ada perubahan nilai resistansi dari R, maka nilai tegangan V-nya
pun akan berubah. Jika beda potensial di-set tetap, maka perubahan resistansi
hanya akan mempengaruhi besar arusnya. Dan persamaan tersebut akan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I = V / R</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua persamaan tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai rangkaian
yang dapat mendeteksi perubahan resistansi dari Foto-resistor atau LDR. Pada
persamaan pertama, nilai V akan berubah jika resistansi berubah, sedangkan pada
persamaan kedua, nilai I yang akan berubah. Namun, pada banyak mikrokontroler,
telah ter-integrasi rangkaian ADC yang dapat membaca tegangan (V) analog dengan
baik. Sehingga pada pembahasan, rangkaian pembacaan nilai resistansi dari
Foto-resistor atau LDR adalah yang berdasar pada persamaan pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2f5948PwyuTMMnuJjyk7dQ2RzepDTS0zdHI43vKggP2OWIgxb6dD37TB75qwmWj01ivIMJzVZXzo45aK4-8INBEvVvY3HeVMcT3uey9dMwPcIHCVq8To71e2ivJ2v_9VDNiXXS1_rq78/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2f5948PwyuTMMnuJjyk7dQ2RzepDTS0zdHI43vKggP2OWIgxb6dD37TB75qwmWj01ivIMJzVZXzo45aK4-8INBEvVvY3HeVMcT3uey9dMwPcIHCVq8To71e2ivJ2v_9VDNiXXS1_rq78/s1600/5.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://depokinstruments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/ldr_2.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 184.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 194.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="ldr_2" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan rangkaian sederhana seperti di atas, intesitas cahaya
dapat diukur dengan mengukur nilai tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(dalam volt). Karena intensitas cahaya
akan mempengaruhi nilai resistansi LDR yang dengan demikian akan mempengaruhi
pula nilai V<sub>LDR</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEy0MDS6rUiKPcS3SMat2tJgGNdpgZfmM0QerVP_-z-B0a1YIbEOdEivw8Ri3AOA_hM79E7gQhVAY3_Y-YP1W0fGdNsI7CyPfr59wMjGGl4gAvzJM3WB2CSjNV-zma1ItA92SNiiOyBlSE/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEy0MDS6rUiKPcS3SMat2tJgGNdpgZfmM0QerVP_-z-B0a1YIbEOdEivw8Ri3AOA_hM79E7gQhVAY3_Y-YP1W0fGdNsI7CyPfr59wMjGGl4gAvzJM3WB2CSjNV-zma1ItA92SNiiOyBlSE/s320/6.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: http://depokinstruments.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/ldr_3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 201.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 252.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya tambahkan kapasitor pada LDR seperti pada gambar di
atas. Dengan penambahan kapasitor, nilai V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tidak akan berubah secara signifikan.
Tetapi respon terhadap perubahan intensitas memang sedikit lebih lambat. Namun,
dengan kapasitor tersebut, tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>akan lebih stabil. Dengan pemilihan
nilai kapasitor yang tepat (0.1 uF – 1 uF), respon terhadap perubahan tetap
baik, dan akan didapatkan tegangan V<sub>LDR</sub><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang stabil.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDR<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transistor
2N 2222<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor
1K ohm<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VR
50K<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dioda
1N 4001<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LED<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
Tegangan DC 5 Volt<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bread
board<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel
penghubung<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GAMBAR
RANGKAIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrOd-Mtz2qXb5MPLg9yW-mI_WOHB_8bIsNH5cnkxrDTgWoxazuPK_uVhbD3Gg_ctRz56c3qXahbmYQjIjj2qD8wGe2x_kgc1tR743ctpUtUmJjTdMFfaDmMbs-sj66TOKCgJxGUZMUTGHp/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrOd-Mtz2qXb5MPLg9yW-mI_WOHB_8bIsNH5cnkxrDTgWoxazuPK_uVhbD3Gg_ctRz56c3qXahbmYQjIjj2qD8wGe2x_kgc1tR743ctpUtUmJjTdMFfaDmMbs-sj66TOKCgJxGUZMUTGHp/s320/7.png" width="236" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANGKAH
KERJA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkai
komponen tersebut pada bread board sesuai dengan gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
telah di setujui hidupkan power supplay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menempatkan
senter pada posisi 8 cm jauhnya dari rangkaian sensor LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
cahaya pada LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
resisten pada LDR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isi
data pada tabel I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulangi
percobaan 2-7 dengan mengubah jarak antara senter dan rangkaian LDR mulai jarak
1 cm-8 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percbaan II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkai
komponen tersebut pada bread ssesuai dengan Gb 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsultasikan
hasil praktikum pada pembimbing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
telah di setujui hidupkan power supply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
VR pada posisi minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
tegangan LDR, VR, dan VEC. Amati apa yang terjadi pada LED.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat
hasil pada tabel I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi tengah. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur
VR pada posisi maksimal. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup
permukaan LDR, atur VR sampai LED menyala. Ulangi langkah 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bereskan
alat dan bersihkan bengkel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes
point (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intensitas
cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">380<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">250
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">285<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">450
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">107<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,4k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,6k
ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi
VR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.45pt;" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V.LDR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.45pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V.VR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.45pt;" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.8pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LED<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Min<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Med<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Max<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.95pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" width="53">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.0pt;" width="65">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" width="68">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.75pt;" width="572">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Led
Nyala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Redup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.85pt;" width="130">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agak
Terang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.45pt;" width="135">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.8pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amat
Tetang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="66"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="9"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="56"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="48"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="5"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="65"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="61"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="68"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
gambar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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AAYACAAAACEAXP0Q0skAAAAwAQAAJgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEDAAAY2xpcGJvYXJkL2NoYXJ0cy9f
cmVscy9jaGFydDEueG1sLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEArEDPfosFAAChEgAAGwAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAARDQAAY2xpcGJvYXJkL2NoYXJ0cy9jaGFydDEueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAHAAcABAIAANUSAAAA
AA==
" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 214.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 350.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png">
<o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahwa dari grafik di atas jika cahaya yang diberikan
kepada LDR semakain terang maka tahanan yang terdapat pada LDR semakin kecil,
dan sebaliknya jika cahaya yang diberikan kepada LDR semakin terang maka
tahanan yang terdapat pada LDR semakin besar. Dan perubahan cahaya pada LDR
berpengaruh pada tabel II dimana saat LDR ditutup dan dibuka tegangan pada
setiap komponen transistor, LED, dan LDR juga berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
percobaan praktikum jika cahaya yang di sinarkan ke LDR semakin terang maka
lampu LED semakin terang.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
LDR mendapat cahaya lebih terang maka hambatan LDR akan turun.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
LDR mendapat cahaya semakin sedikit maka hambatan LDR akan semakan besar.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistansi
LDR tergantung pada intensitas cahaya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-31526047894770970062012-02-23T00:13:00.000-08:002012-04-22T19:04:51.280-07:00LDmicro Program kompile untuk AVR atau PIC<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LDmicro </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> LDmicro adalah sebuah compiler yang kompatibel untuk beberapa tipe mikrokontroler yang telah disebutkan di atas. Selain menghasilkan output file .HEX untuk di tanamkan pada mikrokontroler, software ini juga mampu menjalankan simulasi program yang telah dibuat. Bagus sekali untuk belajar pemrograman Ladder Diagram dan bisa mengujinya pada perangkat mikrokontroler yang harganya jauh lebih murah jika dibandingkan PLC. Atau bisa juga untuk membuat PLC versi sendiri.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh tampilan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJjiLvaw0S7kmaDhasNM-yw8RYTxptSJLhvAYPdT6RoYnO7lMNarH8bNMzXcd2-s4FfBBQPWs9ZviSNBWPaudpx29UYiLKvx463WLZA9BRrfy6XtyyHHVGNwyGiEQ7A5nUqS4OeHvSk5k/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJjiLvaw0S7kmaDhasNM-yw8RYTxptSJLhvAYPdT6RoYnO7lMNarH8bNMzXcd2-s4FfBBQPWs9ZviSNBWPaudpx29UYiLKvx463WLZA9BRrfy6XtyyHHVGNwyGiEQ7A5nUqS4OeHvSk5k/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Support:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F628(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F819<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F877(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F876(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F887<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIC16F886<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega128<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega162<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ATmega8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Software
bisa di download di webnya langsung: http://www.cq.cx/ladder.pl. Untuk
tutorialnya http://www.cq.cx/ladder-tutorial.pl. Atau jika ingin mengetahui
tentang PLC lebih detail, bisa kunjungi web ini
http://www.plcs.net/contents.shtml.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atau software bisa <a href="http://adf.ly/7iot9">di klik disini</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Programnya dapat <a href="http://adf.ly/7ip1m">di klik disini</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
melakukan pemrograman/menanamkan .HEX yang sudah dicompile ke mikrokontroler,
untuk tipe AVR bisa menggunakan AVR Studio 4 atau Codevision AVR Evaluation.
Jika menggunakan PIC bisa menggunakan
PICPgm via serialport PC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-41139811982049477662012-02-21T02:34:00.002-08:002012-02-21T05:11:47.340-08:00Materi Manajemen beban listrik Tgal 8 dan 15 Peb 2012<div style="text-align: center;">
Materi Manajemen beban listrik</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
buat materi manajement beban listrik</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
buat download <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?f0n39iy4o0516zt">klik disini</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
eh, jangan lupa ....<br />
tugasnya buat soal tentang manajement beban listrik dengan materi kemarin....</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
jagn lupa coment....</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-87684129007827773742012-02-21T02:01:00.000-08:002012-02-21T05:10:31.980-08:00Tugas PancasilaTugas pancasila<br />
contoh format tugas :<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmSq_51mdjw3xqeSxmFxw5jxRKdFxxH-A35fLQD6Gnuxg_k34rQMSGxmCuzVi-p8I8LXx7b_5PHMduYgtnHQzVgCUFij1lNoAZoOeDOVyUpsNPL1CzC3fr_gducSPvEuLPX_c7HBTHLI9/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmSq_51mdjw3xqeSxmFxw5jxRKdFxxH-A35fLQD6Gnuxg_k34rQMSGxmCuzVi-p8I8LXx7b_5PHMduYgtnHQzVgCUFij1lNoAZoOeDOVyUpsNPL1CzC3fr_gducSPvEuLPX_c7HBTHLI9/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Gan, gua baru nemui tugas pancasila ni link buat download....</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
buat tugas pdf, <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?526a56oxv5dp84q">klik disini</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
buat tugas doc, <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?yp6m465tct964qu">klik disini</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
eh, ni tugas di tulis tangan....</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
gan, jan lupa juga coment....</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-79298464847798148862012-02-11T21:18:00.000-08:002012-02-11T21:18:57.154-08:00MAKALAH PANCASILA DALAM KONTEKS KETATANEGARAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PANCASILA DALAM KONTEKS KETATANEGARAAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">REPUBLIK INDONESIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR
BELAKANG <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik
Indonesia Tahun 1945, atau disingkat UUD 1945 atau UUD '45, adalah konstitusi
negara Republik Indonesia saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UUD 1945 disahkan sebagai undang-undang
dasar negara oleh PPKI pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945. Sejak tanggal 27 Desember
1945, di Indonesia berlaku Konstitusi RIS, dan sejak tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 di
Indonesia berlaku UUDS 1950. Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 kembali memberlakukan
UUD 1945, dengan dikukuhkan secara aklamasi oleh DPR pada tanggal 22 Juli 1959.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pada kurun waktu tahun 1999-2002, UUD
1945 mengalami 4 kali perubahan (amandemen), yang merubah susunan
lembaga-lembaga dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dalam pembahasan, akan dibahas lebih
lanjut mengenai Undang - Undang Dasar 1945, lembaga-lembaga Negara dan
hubungannya. Dengan mempelajari proses di atas maka kita sebagai mahasiswa akan
lebih memahami kedudukan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara yang realisasinya
sebagai sumber dari segala sumber hukum negara Indonesia. Mahasiswa juga
diharapkan untuk memiliki kemampuan untuk memahami isi pembukaan UUD 1945,
pembukaan sebagai “ staasfundamentalnorm “ , memahami hubungan UUD 1945 dengan
Pancasila dan pasal – pasal UUD 1945 serta mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan
tentang reformasi hukum tata negara maka mahasiswa diharapkan mempelajari latar
belakang amandemen serta proses amandemen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai dasar negara,
Pancasila merupakan suatu asas kerohanian yang dalam ilmu kenegaraan yang popular
disebut sebagai dasar filsafat negara (pilisophisce gronstag). Dalam kedudukan
ini, Pancasila merupakan sumber nilai dan sumber norma dalam setiap aspek penyelenggaraan
tata kehidupan negara, termasuk dalam sumber tertib hukum di Indonesia,
sehingga Pancasila merupakan sumber nilai, norma dan kaidah baik moral maupun
hukum di Indonesia. Oleh karenanya, Pancasila merupakan sumber hukum negara
baik yang tertulis maupun yang tak tertulis atau konvensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
struktur ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
sistem ketatanegaraan menurut Pancasila?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
kedudukan Pancasila sebagai sumber hukum dasar negara Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
makna isi pembukaan UUD 1945 dan kedudukan pembukaan UUD 1945?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana makna isi pembukaan UUD 1945
sebagai </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">“ staat fundamentalnorm” dan
kedudukannya dalam tertib hukum Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
struktur ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
peran Pancasila dalam konteks ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
kedudukan Pancasila sebagai sumber hukum dasar negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
makna isi pembukaan UUD 1945 dan kedudukan pembukaan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui makna isi pembukaan UUD 1945
sebagai </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">“ staat fundamentalnorm” dan
kedudukannya dalam tertib hukum Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UNDANG-UNDANG
DASAR 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Yang dimaksud dengan undang-undang
dasar dalam UUD 1945 adalah hukum dasar tertulis yang bersifat mengikat bagi pemerintah,
lembaga negara, lembaga masyarakat, dan warga negara Indonesia di mana pun
mereka berada, serta setiap penduduk yang ada di wilayah Republik Indonesia.
Sebagai hukum, UUD 1945 berisi norma, aturan, atau ketentuan yang harus
dilaksanakan dan ditaati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Undang-undang dasar merupakan hukum
dasar yang menjadi sumber hukum. Setiap produk hukum seperti undang-undang,
peraturan, atau keputusan pemerintah. bahkan setiap kebijaksanaan pemerintah
harus berlandaskan dan bersumber pada peraturan yang lebih tinggi dan tidak bertentangan
dengan ketentuan-ketentuan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dalam
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi serta memasuki abad 21, hukum di
Indonesia mengalami perubahan yang mendasar, hal ini adanya perubahan terhadap
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Perubahan (amandemen) dimaksud sampai empat kali,
yang dimulai pada tanggal 19 Oktober 1999 mengamandemen 2 pasal, amandemen
kedua pada tanggal 10 November 2001 sejumlah 10 pasal, dan amandemen keempat
pada tanggal 10 Agustus 2002 sejumlah 10 pasal serta 3 pasal Aturan Peralihan
dan Aturan Tambahan 2 pasal, apabila dilihat dari jumlah pasal pada
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 adalah berjumlah 37 pasal, akan tetapi setelah
diamandemen jumlah pasalnya melebihi 37 pasal, yaitu menjadi 39 pasal. Hal ini
terjadi karena ada pasal-pasal yang diamandemen ulang seperti pasal 6A ayat 4
dan pasal 23 C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Struktur
Pemerintahan Indonesia Berdasarkan UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Demokrasi Indonesia merupakan sistem pemerintahan dari
rakyat, dalam arti rakyat sebagai asal
mula kekuasaan negara sehingga rakyat harus ikut serta dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pemerintahan
untuk mewujudkan suatu cita –citanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Demokrasi
di Indonesia sebagaimana tertuang dalam UUD 1945 mengakui adanya kebebasan dan
persamaan hak juga mengakui perbedaan serta keanekaragaman mengingat Indonesia
adalah “Bhineka Tunggal Ika”. Secara filosofi bahwa Demokrasi Indonesia
mendasar pada rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secara umun sistem pemerintahan yang demokratis mengandung
unsur-unsur penting yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterlibatan warga negara dalam pembuatan keputusan politik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tingkat persamaan tertentu diantara warga negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tingkat kebebasan atau kemerdekaan tertentu yang diakui dan
dipakai oleh warga negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suatu sistem perwakilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suatu sistem pemilihan kekuasaan mayoritas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan unsur-unsur di atas maka demokrasi mengandung ciri
yang merupakan petokan bahwa warga negara dalam hal tertentu pembuatan
keputusan-keputusan polotik, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung adanya
keterlibtan atau partisipasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oleh karena itu di dalam kehidupan kenegaraaan yang menganut
sistem demokrasi, selalu menemukan adanya supra struktur dan infra struktur
politik sebagai pendukung tegaknya demokrasi. Dengan menggunakan konsep
Montesquiue maka supra struktur politik meliputi lembaga legislatif, lembaga
eksekutif, dan lembaga yudikatif. Di Indonesia di bawah sistem UUD 1945
lembaga-lembaga negara atau alat-alat perlengkapan negara adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Presiden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mahkamah Agung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat perlengkapan di atas juga dinyatakan sebagai supra
struktur politik. Adapun infra struktur politik suatu negara terdiri lima
komponen sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Partai Politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Golongan Kepentingan (Interest Group)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Golongan Penekan (Preassure Group)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat Komunikasi Politik (Mass Media)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tokoh-tokoh Politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pembagian
Kekuasaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bahwa
kekuasaan tertinggi adalah di tangan rakyat, dan dilakukan menurut
Undang-Undang Dasar sebagaimana tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 adalah
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Eksekutif didelegasikan kepada Presiden (Pasal 4 ayat 1 UUD 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Legislatif, didelegasikan kepada Presiden dan DPR dan DPD (pasal 5 ayat 1,
pasal 19 dan pasal 22C UUD 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Yudikatif, didelegasikan kepada Mahkamah Agung (pasal 24 ayat 1 UUD 1945)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Inspektif atau pengawasan didelegasikan kepada Badan Pengawas Keuangan (BPK)
dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (pasal 20A ayat 1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dalam
UUD 1945 hasil amandemen tidak ada kekuasaan Konsulatatif, sebelum UUD
diamandemen kekuasaan tersebut dipegang oleh Dewan Pertimbangan Agung (DPA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sistem
Pemerintahan Negara Menurut UUD 1945 Hasil Amandemen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sebelum
adanya amandemen terhadap UUD 1945, dikenal dengan Tujuh Kunci Pokok Sistem
Pemerintahan Negara, namun tujuh kunci pokok tersebut mengalami suatu
perubahan. Oleh karena itu, sebagai studi komparatif sistem pemerintahan negara
menurut UUD 1945 mengalami perubahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Indonesia
ialah negara yang berdasar atas hukum (Rechstaat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Negara
Indonesia berdasarkan atas hukum (Rechstaat), tidak berdasarkan atas kekuasaan
belaka (Machstaat), mengandung arti bahwa negara, termasuk di dalamnya
pemerintahan dan lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya dalam melaksanakan tindakan
apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sistem
Konstitusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pemerintah
berdasarkan atas sistem konstitusi (hukum dasar), tidak bersifat absolut
(kekuasaan yang tidak terbatas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sistem
ini memberikan penegasan bahwa cara pengendalian pemerintahan dibatsai oleh
ketentuan-ketentuan konstitusi dan juga oleh ketentuan-ketentuan hukum lain
merupakan produk konstitusional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Presiden
ialah penyelenggara pemerintahan negara yang tertinggi disamping MPR dan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Berdasarkan
UUD 1945 hasil amandemen 2002, Presiden penyelenggara pemerintahan tertinggi di
samping MPR dan DPR, karena Preside dipilih langsung oleh rakyat. UUD 1945
pasal 6A ayat 1, jadi menurut UUD 1945 ini Presiden tidak lagi merupakan
madataris MPR, melainkan dipilih oleh rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Presiden
tidak bertanggungjawab kepada DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menteri
Negara ialah pembantu Presiden, Menteri tidak bertanggung jawab kepada DPR.
Presiden dalam melaksanakan tugas dibantu oleh menteri-menteri negara, pasal 17
ayat 1 (hasil amandemen)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Kepala Negara tak terbatas, meskipun Kepala Negara tidak bertanggungjawab
kepada DPR, ia bukan “diktaor” artinya kekuasaan tidak terbatas. Di sini
Presiden sudah tidak lagi merupakan mandataris MPR, namun demikian ia tidak
membubarkan DPR atau MPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Negara
Indonesia adalah negara hukum, negara hukum berdasarkan Pancasila bukan
berdasarkan kekuasaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Ciri-ciri suatu negara hukum adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pengakuan
adan perlindungan hak-gak asasi yang mengandung persamaan dalam bidang politik,
hukum, sosial, ekonomi, dan kebudayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Perlindungan
yang bebas dari suatu pengaruh kekuasaan atau kekyuatan lain dan tidak memihak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Jaminan
kepastian hukum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
Pemerintah Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pasal
4 ayat 1 UUD 1945 menyatakan bahwa Presiden Republik Indeonesia memegang
kekuasaan pemerintahan menurut UUD 19445, Presiden dibantu oleh seorang Wakil
Presiden pasal 4 ayat 2) dalam melaksanakan tugasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menurut
sistem pemerintahan negaa berdasarkan UUD 1945 hasil aandemen 2002, bahwa
Presiden dipilih langsung oleh rakyat secara legitimasi. Presiden
kedududukannya kuat, di sini kekuasaan Presiden tidak lagi berada di bawah MPR
selaku mandataris. Akan tetapi jika Presiden dalam melaksanakan tugasnya
menyimpang dari konstitsi, maka MPR melakukan <i>Impeachment, </i>pasal 3 ayat 3 UUD 1945 dan dipertegas oleh pasal 7A.
Proses <i>Impeachment </i>agar bersifat adil
dan obyektif harus diselesaikan melalui Mahkamah Konstitusi(pasal 7B ayat 4 dan
5), dan jika Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa Presiden dan Wakil Presiden
melanggar hukum, maka MPR harus segera bersidang dan keputusan didukung ¾ dari
anggota dan 2/3 dari jumlah anggota yang hadir (pasal 7B ayat 7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pemerintah
Baerah, diatur oleh pasal 18 UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pasal
18 ayat 1 menjelaskan bahwa Negara Republik Indonesia atas daerah-daerah
propinsi, kabupaten, dan kota itu mempunyai pemerintahan daerah yang diatur
dengan Undang-Undang. Pasal 18 ayat 2
mengatur otonomi pemerintahan daerah, ayat tersebut menyatakan bahwa
pemerintshsn daerah propinsi, kabupaten, dan kota mengatur dan mengurus sendiri
urusan pemerintahan menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan, atau pengertian
otonomi sama artinya mengatur rumah tangga sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pemilihan
Umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hasil
amandemen UUD 1945 tahun 2002 secara eksplisit mengatur tentang Pemilihan Umum
dilakukan secara langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia, jujur, dan adil setiap 5 tahun
sekali (pasal 22E ayat 1). Untuk memilih anggota DPR, DPD, Presiden dan Wakil
Presiden (pasal 22E ayat 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">j)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Wilayah
Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pasal
25A UUD 1945 hasil amandemen 2002 memuat ketentuan bahwa, Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia adalah sebuah negara kepulauan yang bercirir nusantara
dengan wilayah yang batas-batas dan hak-haknya ditetapkan dengan Undang-Undang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">k)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hak
Asasi Manusia menurut UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hak
asasi manusia tidaklah mendadak sebagaimana kita lihat dalam “Universal
Declaration of Human Right” pada tanggal 10 Desember 1948 yang ditanda-tangani
oleh PBB. Hak asasi manusia sebenarnya tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan filosofis
manusia yang melatarbelakanginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bangsa
Indonesia di dalam hak asasi manusia lebih dahulu sudah memiliki aturan
hukumnya seperti dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 alenia 1 dinyatakan bahwa :
“kemerdekaan adalah hak segala bangsa.” Sebagai contoh di dalam UUD 1945 pasal
28A menyatakan : “Setiap orang berhak untuk hidup serta berhak mempertahankan
hidup dan kehidupannya.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pasal
28A sampai dengan pasal 28J mengatur tentang hak asasi manusia di dalam UUD
1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">SISTEM
KETATANEGARAAN RI BERDASARKAN PANCASILA DAN UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sistem
Konstitusi (hukum dasar) republik Indonesia, selain tersusun dalam hukum dasar
yang tertulis yaitu UUD 1945, juga mengakui hukum dasar yang tidak tertulis.
Perlu diperhatikan bahwa kaidah-kaidah hukum ketatanegaraa terdapat juga pada
berbagai peaturan ketatanegaraan lainnya seperti dalam TAP MPR, UU, Perpu, dan
sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hukum
dasar tidak tertulis yang dimaksud dalam UUD 1945 adalah konvensi atau
kebiasaan ketatanegaraan dan bukan hukum adat (juga tidak tertulis),
terpelihara dalam praktek penyelenggaraan negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Meminjam
rumusan (dalam teori) mengenai konvensi dari AV. Dicey : adalah ketentuan yang
mengenai bagaimana seharusnya mahkota atau menteri melaksanakan “discretionary
powers”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Directionary
Powers adalah kekuasaan untuk bertindak atau tidak bertindak yang semata-mat
didasarkan kebijaksanaan atau pertimbangan dari pemegang kekuasaan itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hal
di atas yang mula-mula mengemukakan adalah Dicey di kalangan sarjana di
Inggris, pendapat tersebut dapat diterima, lebih lanjut beliau memerinci
konvensi ketatanegaraan merupakan hal-hal sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
adalah bagian dari kaidah ketatanegaraan (konstitusi) yang tumbuh, diikuti dan
ditaai dalam praktek penyelenggaraan negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
sebagai bagian dari konstitusi tidak dapat dipaksakan oleh (melalui)
pengadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
ditaati semata-mata didorong oleh tuntutan etika, akhlak atau politik dalam
penyelenggaraan negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
adalah ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai bagaimana seharusnya discretionary powers dilaksanakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menyinggung
ketatanegaraan adalah tak terlepas dari organisasi negara, di sini meuncul
pertanyaan yaitu : “apakah negara itu?” Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut kita
pinjam “Teori Kekelompokan” yang dikemukakan oleh Prof. Mr. R. Kranenburg adalah
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">“Negara itu pada hakikatnya adalah
suatu organissasi kekuasaan yang diciptakan oleh sekelompok manusia yang
disebut bangsa dengan tujuan untuk menyelenggarakan kepentingan mereka
bersama”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Tentang
negara muncul adanya bentuk negara dan sistem pemerintahan, keberadaan bentuk
negara menurut pengertian ilmu negara dibagi menjadi dua yaitu: Monarki dan
Republik, jika seorang kepala negara diangkat berdasarkan hak waris atau
keturunan maka bentuk negara disebut Monarki dan kepala negaranya disebut Raja
atau Ratu. Jika kepala negara dipilih untuk masa jabatan yang ditentukan,
bentuk negaranya disebut Republik dan kepala negaranya adalah Presiden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bentuk
negara menurut UUD 1945 baik dalam Pembukaan dan Batang Tubuh dapat diketahui
pada pasal 1 ayat 1, tidak menunjukkan
adanya persamaan pengertian dalam menggunakan istilah bentuk negara (alinea
ke-4), “...... maka disusunlah kemerdekaan kebangsaan Indonesia dalam suatu
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Indonesia yang berkedaulan rakyat dengan berdasar
kepada Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa,...... dan seterusnya. Negara Indonesia adalah
negara kesatuan yang berbentuk republik.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dalam
sistem ketatanegaraan dapat diketahui melalui kebiasaan ketatanegaraan
(convention), hal ini mengacu pengertian Konstitusi, Konstitusimengandung dua
hal yaitu : Konstitusi tertulis dan Konstitusi tidak tertulis, menyangkut
konstitusi sekelumit disampaikan tentang sumber hukum melelui ilmu hukum yang
membedakan dalam arti material adalah sumber hukum yang menentukan isi dan
substansi hukum dalam arti formal adalah hukum yang dikenal dari bentuknya,
karena bentuknya itu menyebabkan hukum berlaku umum, contoh dari hukum formal
adalah Undang-Undang dalam arti luas, hukum adat, hukum kebiasaan, dan
lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
atau hukum kebiasaan ketatanegaraan adalah hukum yang tumbuh dalam praktek
penyelenggaraan negara, untuk melengkapi, menyempurnakan, menghidupkan
mendinamisasi kaidah-kaidah hukum perundang-undangan. Konvensi di Negara
Republik Indonesia diakui merupakan salah satu sumber hukum tata negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pengertian
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 terdiri dari 2 kelompok yaitu: Pembukaan, Batng Tubuh
yang memuat pasal-pasal, dan terdiri 16 bab, 37 pasal, 3 pasal aturan peralihan
dan aturan tambahan 2 pasal. Mengenai kedudukan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945
sebagai sumber hukum tertinggi, Pancasila merupakan segala sumber hukum.
Dilihat dari tata urutan peraturan perundang-undangan menurut TAP MPR No.
III/MPR/2000, tentang Sumber Hukum dan Tata Urutan Peraturan
Perundang-undangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.25pt;" valign="top" width="296">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">TAP MPR NO XX/MPRS/1966<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.55pt;" valign="top" width="291">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">TAP
MPR NO III/MPR/2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.25pt;" valign="top" width="296">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Tata urutannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UUD
1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">TAP
MPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Undang-Undang
/ Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Keputusan
Presiden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Pelaksanaan lainnya seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Menteri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Instruksi
Menteri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 218.55pt;" valign="top" width="291">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Tata urutannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UUD
1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">TAP
MPR RI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Undang-Undang
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang (Perpu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Keputusan
Presiden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Peraturan
Daerah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sifat
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, singakt namun supel, namun harus ingat kepada dinamika
kehidupan masyarakat dan Negara Indonesia, untuk itu perlu diperhatikan hal-hal
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pasalnya
hanya 37 buah, hanya mengatur pokok-pokoknya saja, berisi instruksi kepada
penyelenggaraan negara dan pimpinan pemerintah untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menyelenggarakan
pemerintahan negara dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Mewujudkan
kesejahteraan sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Aturan
pelaksanaan diserahkan kepada tataran hukum yang lebih rendah yakni
Undang-Undang, yang lebih cara membuat, mengubah, dan mencabutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Yang
penting adalah semangat para penyelenggara negara dan pemerintah dalam praktek
pelaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kenyataan
bahwa UUD 1945 bersifat singkat namun supel seperti yang dinyatakan dalam UUD
1945, secara kontekstual, aktual dan konsisten dapat dipergunakan untuk
menjelaskan ungkapan “Pancasila merupakan ideologi terbuka” serta membuatnya
operasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dapat
kini ungkapan “Pancasila merupakan ideologi terbuka” dioperasikan setelah
ideologi Pancasila dirinci dalam tataran nilai. Pasal-pasal yang mengandung
nilai-nilai Pancasila (nilai dasar) yakni aturan pokok di dalam UUD 1945 yang
ada kaitannya dengan pokok-pokok pokiran atau ciri khas yang terdapat pada UUD
1945. Nilai instrumen Pancasila, yaitu aturan yang menyelenggarakan aturan
pokok itu (TAP MPR, UU, PP, dsb).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Fungsi
dari Undang-Undang Dasar merupakan suatu alat untuk menguji peraturan
perundang-undangan di bawahnya apakah bertentangan dengan UUD di samping juga
merupakan sebagai fungsi pengawasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Makna
Pembukaan UUD 1945 merupakan sumber dari motivasi dan aspirasi perjuangan dan
tekad bangsa Indonesia yang merupakan sumber dari cita hukum dan cita moral
yang ingin ditegakkan baik dalam lingkungan nasional maupun dalam hubungan
pergaulan bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Pembukaan yang telah dirumuskan secara padat
dan hikmat dalam alinea 4 itu, setiap alinea mengandung arti dan makna yang
sangat mendalam, mempunyai nilai-nilai yang dijunjung bangsa-bangsa beradab,
kemudian di dalam pembukaan tersebut dirumuskan menjadi alinea 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Alinea
pertama berbunyi “Bahwa sesungguhnya kemerdekaan itu ialah hak segala bangsa,
dan oleh sebab itu, maka penjajahan di atas dunia harus dihapuskan karena tidak
sesuai dengan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Adanya
keteguhan dan kuatnya pendirian bangsa Indonesia membela kemerdekaan melawan
penjajah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Tekad
bangsa Indonesia untuk merdeka dan tekad untuk tetap berdiri dibarisan yang
paling depan untuk menentang dan menghapus penjajahan diatas dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pengungkapan
suatu dalil obyektif, yaitu bahwa penjajahan tidak sesuai dengan perkemanusiaan
dan perikeadilan; penjajah harus ditentang dan dihapuskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menegaskan
kepada bangsa / pemerintah Indonesia untuk senantiasa berjuang melawan setiap bentuk
penjajahan dan mendukung kemerdekaan setiap bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Alinea kedua berbunyi : “Dan perjuangan
kemerdekaan Indonesia telah sampailah kepada saat yang berbahagia dengan
selamat sentausa menghantarkan rakyat Indonesia ke depan pintu gerbang
kemerdekaan Negara Indonesia, yang merdeka, bersatu, berdaulat, adil dan
makmur”, makna yang terkandung di sini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bahwa
kemerdekaan yang merupakan hak segala bangsa itu bagi bangsa Indonesia, dicapai
dengan perjuangan pergerakkan bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bahwa
perjuangan pergerakan tersebut telah sampai pada tingkat yang menentukan,
sehingga momentum tersebut harus dimanfaatkan untuk menyatakan kemerdekaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bahwa
kemerdekaan bukan merupakan tujuan akhir tetapi masih harus diisi dengan
mewujudkan Negara Indonesia yang bebas, bersatu, berdaulat, adil dan makmur,
yang tidak lain adalah merupakan cita –cita bangsa Indonesia ( cita –cita
nasional ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Alinea ke tiga berbunyi : “Atas berkat
Rahmat Allah Yang Maha Kuasa dan dengan didorong oleh keinginan luhur supaya
berkehidupan kebangsaan yang bebas maka rakyat Indonesia menyatakan dengan ini
kemerdekaannya “. Maknanya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Motivasispiritual
yang luhur bahwa kemerdekaan kita adalah berkat ridho Tuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Keinginan
yang didambakan oleh segenap bangsa Indonesia terhadap suatu kehidupan di dunia
dan akhirat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Penguuhan
dari proklamasi kemerdekaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Alinea ke-empat berbunyi : “Kemudian daripada
itu untuk membentuk pemerintahan Negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap bangsa
Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum,
mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang
berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamian abadi, keadilan sosial, maka disusunlah kemerdekaan
kebangsaan Indonesia itu dalam suatu Undang–Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia
yang berkedaulatan rakyat berdasar kepada: Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, Kemanusiaan
yang adil dan beradab, Persatuan Indonesia, dan Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat
kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan, serta dengan mewujudkan suatu keadilan
sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia “.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Alinea ke empat ini sekaligus
mengandung :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Fungsi
sekaligus tujuan Negara Indonesia yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Melindungi
segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Memajukan
kesejahteraan umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Mencerdaskan
kehidupan bangsa dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Ikut
serta melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi,
dan keadilan sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Susunan
/ bentuk Negara adalah Republik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sistem
pemerintahan Negara adalah Kedaulatan Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dasar
Negara adalah Pancasila, sebagaimana seperti dalam sila–sila yang terkandung di
dalamnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dari uraian diatas maka, sementara dapat
disimpulkan bahwa sungguh tepat apa yang telah dirumuskan di dalam Pembukaan UUD
1945 yaitu: Pancasila merupakan landasan ideal bagi terbentuknya masyarakat adil
dan makmur material dan spiritual di dalam Negara Republik Indonesia yang
bersatu dan demokratif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sebelmu menjelaskan mengenai sistem
ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945
disampaikan terlebih dahulu mengenai struktur ketatanegaraan pada umumnya.
Istilah struktur ketatanegaraan di sini adalah terjemahan dari istilah Inggris
“The Structure of Government”. Pada umunya struktur ketatanegaraan suatu negara
meliputi dua suasana, yaitu: supra struktur politik dan infra struktur politik.
Yang dimaksud supra struktur politik dan infra struktur di sini adalah segala
sesuatu yang bersangkutan dengan apa yang disebut alat-alat perlengkapan negara
termasuk segala hal yang berhubungan dengannya. Hal-hal yang termasuk dalam
supra struktur politik ini adalah : mengenai kedudukannya, kekuasaan dan
wewenagnya, tugasnya, pembentukannya, serta hubungan antara alat-alat
perlengkapan itu satu sama lain. Adapun infra struktur politik meliputi lima
macam komponen, yaitu : komponen Partai Politik, komponen golongan kepentingan,
komponen alat komunikasi politik, komponen golongan penekan, komponen tokoh
politik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Praktek ketatanegaraan Negara Republik Indonesia
sebelum amandemen UUD 1945 dapat diuraikan mengenai pendapat-pendapat secara
umum yang berpengaruh berpendapat, UUD 1945 dan Pancasila harus dilestarikan.
Upaya pelestarian ditempuh dengan cara antara lain tidak memperkenankan UUD 1945 diubah. Secara hukum
upaya tersebut diatur sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">MPR menyatakan secara resmi tidak akan
mengubah UUD 1945 seperti tercantum dalam TAP MPR No. I/MPR/1983, pasal 104
berbunyi sebagai berikut “Majelis berketetapan untuk mempertahankan UUD 1945
tidak berkehendak dan tidak akan melakukan perubahan serta akan melaksanakan
secara murni dan konsekuen.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Diperkenalkannya “referendum” dalam
sistem ketatanegaraan RI. Kehendak MPR untuk mengubah UUD 1945 harus terlebih
dahulu disetujui dalam sebuah referendum sebelum kehendak itu menjelma menjadi
perubahan UUD. Referendum secara formal mengatur tentang tata cara perubahan
UUD 1945 secara nyata. Lembaga ini justru bertujuan untuk mempersempit
kemungkinan mengubah UUD 1945, hal ini dapat diketahui pada bunyi konsideran TAP
MPR No. IV/MPR/1983 yang berbunyi “Bahwa dalam rangka makinmenumbuhkan
kehidupan demokrasi Pancasila dan keinginan untuk meninjau ketentuan
pengangkatan 1/3 jumlah anggota MPR perlu ditemukan jalan konstitusional agar
pasal 37 UUD 1945 tidak mudah digunakan untuk merubah UUD 1945.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kata “melestarikan” dan
“mempertahankan” UUD 1945 secara formal adalah dengan tidak mengubah
kaidah-kaidah yang tertulis dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 diakui bahwa UUD 1945
seperti yang terdapat di dalam penjelasan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">“Memang sifat auran itu mengikat, oleh karena itu makin
“supel” (elastic) sifatnya aturan itu makin baik. Jadi kita harus menjaga
supaya siatem UUD jangan sampai ketinggalan jaman.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dari uraian di atas dapat diketahui
adanya dua prinsip yang berbeda yaitu : yang pertama, berkeinginan
mempertahankan, sedangkan prinsip yang kedua, menyatakan UUD jangan sampai
ketinggalan jaman, yang artinya adanya “perubahan”, mengikuti perkembangan
jaman. Dalam hal ini perlu dicari jalan keluar untuk memperjelas atas kepastian
hukum dalam ketatanegaraan. Jalan keluar salah satu diantaranya bentuk
ketentuan yang mengatur cara melaksanakan UUD 1945 adalah konvensi. Konvensi
merupakan keadaan sesungguhnya untuk melaksanakan UUD 1945. Untuk melestarikan
atau mempertahankan UUD 1945 yaitu agar UUD 1945 dapat dilihat sebagai aspek
statis dari upaya mempertahankan atau melestarikan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Selain alasan-alasan di atas, kehadiran
konvensi dalm sistem ketatanegaraan RI, didorong pula oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Konvensi
merupakan sub sistem konstitusi yang selalu ada di setiap negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Republik
Indonesia adalah negara yang berkedaulatan rakyat. Konvensi merupakan salah
satu sarana untuk menjamin pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Di dalam memperjelas mengenai
ketatanegaraan di Indonesia, pada UUD 1945 sebelum amandemen dapat dilihat pada
bagan lampiran tersendiri, dan setelah UUD 1945 dilakukan amandemen yang
pertama disahkan pada tanggal 19 Oktober 1999, kedua pada tanggal 18 Agustus
2000, ketiga pada tanggal 9 November 2001 dan keempat pada tanggal 10 Agustus
2002, dari amandemen UUD 1945 tampak terlihat adanya perubahan struktur
ketatanegaraan RI yang selanjutnya di dalam struktur setelah amandemen adanya
lembaga baru yaitu Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam hal ini diatur ke dalam UUD 1945
yang diamandemen pasal 7B ayat 1-5 yang intinya adalah menyangkut jabatan
Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Apabila Presiden dan Wakil Presiden melakukan
pelanggaran hukum berupa pengkhianatan terhadap negara, seperti melakukan
korupsi, penyuapan, dan lainlain harus diajukan terlebih dahulu ke Mahkamah
Konstitusi untuk diperiksa, diadili dan diputuskan seadil-adilnya. Dalam hal
ini, DPR mengajukan masalahnya ke Mahkamah Konstitusi selanjutnya diserahkan
kepada MPR untuk diambil langkah-langkah selanjutnya dalam sidang istimewa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hubungan negara dan warga negara serta
HAM menurut UUD 1945 dilihat dari sejarah bangsa Indonesia tentang
kewarganegaraan pada Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sebagaimana pasal 26 ayat 1
menentukan bahwa “Yang menjadi warga negara ialah orang-orang bangsa Indonesia
asli dan orang bangsa lain yang disahkan dengan Undang-Undang sebagai warga
negara”, sedangkan ayat 2 menyebutkan bahwa “Syarat-syarat mengenai
kewarganegaraan ditetapkan dengan Undang-Undang.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Mengacu pada pembahasan oleh Badan
Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, masalah hak asasi
manusia Indonesia menjadi perdebatan sengit. Ada yang mengusulkan agar hak
asasi manusia dimasukkan ke dalam ide tetapi ada juga yang menolaknya. Pada
akhirnya antara pro dan kontra tentang hak asasi manusia dimasukkan dalam UUD dilengkapi
suatu kesepakatan yaitu masuk ke dalam pasal-pasal : 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, dan 34. Yang dimaksud kewajiban asasi adalah setiap pribadi untuk berbuat
agar eksistensi negara atau masyarakat dapat dipertahankan, sebaliknya negara
memiliki kemampuan menjamin hak asasi warga negaranya. Mengenai hak asasi
manusia merupakan hak yang melekat pada diri manusia itu sejak lahir, terlihat
dari uraian di atas mengenai hubungan antar warga negara masing-masing memiliki
hak dan kewajiban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_ko3KKdsvwmzHwNLitTmHsFtQ-lYA2pSXpU14Ndtvz9Ig3UACg_eTOnp4ECWjxMMZ8vL9UVTq8Gmuwo6J-Ta2arc-uEcFnS-x0EVXpMCEtriSMRw2KexhgKlndlMenDxOmy56dW85kRK_/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_ko3KKdsvwmzHwNLitTmHsFtQ-lYA2pSXpU14Ndtvz9Ig3UACg_eTOnp4ECWjxMMZ8vL9UVTq8Gmuwo6J-Ta2arc-uEcFnS-x0EVXpMCEtriSMRw2KexhgKlndlMenDxOmy56dW85kRK_/s320/6.png" width="224" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">MEMAHAMI
DINAMIKA PELAKSANAAN UUD 1945 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Setelah
ditetapkan oleh PPKI tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, dalam pelaksanaannya,
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 mengalami masa berlaku dalam dua kurun waktu yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 78pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kurun
waktu pertama sejak tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 sampai dengan tanggal 27 Desember
1949.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kurun
waktu kedua sejak tanggal 5 Juli 1959 (Dekrit Presiden) sampai sekarang dan ini
terbagi lagi menjadi ketiga masa yaitu : Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan msa
Reformasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sedangkan
antara akhir tahun 1949 samapu dengan tahun 1959 berlaku konstitusi RIS dan
UUDS 1950. Dalam kurun waktu pertama tersebut sistem pemerintahan negara
menurut UUD 1945 belum dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya, karena pada masa
tersebut seluruh potensi bangsa dan negara sedang tercurahkan kepada upaya untuk
memebela dan mempertahankan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia dimana kondisi
pemerintah sedang diwarnai gejolak politik dan keamanan. Gejolak tersebut
diantaranya terjadi pemberontakan dimana-mana, dan terjadi agresi Belanda
kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pada
pelaksanaan UUD 1945 kurun waktu di atas mengenai kelembagaan negara seperti
yang ditentukan dalam UUD 1945 belum dapat dibentuk sebagaimana mestinya,
sehingga sistem pemerintahannya belum dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik. Dalam
kurun waktu ini sempat diangkat anggota Dewan Pertimbangan Agung sementara MPR
dan DPR belum dapat dibentuk sesuai dengan ketentuan pasal IV aturan peralihan,
sebelum MPR, DPR, dan DPA dibentuk segala kekuasaannya dijalankan oleh Presiden
dengan bantuan Komite Nasional. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut Presiden
mempunyai kekuasaan yang sangat besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Penyimpangan
konstitusional yang sangat prinsipil yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu ini adalah
perubahan Sistem Kabinet Presidensial menjadi kabinet Parlementer. Atau usul
Badan Pekerja Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (BPKNIP) tanggal 11 November 1945
kemudian disetujui Presiden diumumkan maklumat pemerintah tanggal 14 November
1945 isinya mengenai sistem Kabinet Presidensial menjadi Kabinet Parlementer.
Sejak saat ini kekuasaan pemerintahan dipegang oleh Perdana Menteri sebagai
pemimpin kabinet. Perdana Menteri dan para menteri baik secara bersama-sama
atau sendiri-sendiri bertanggung-jawab kepada BPKNIP yang berfungsi sebagai
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Dengan demikian maklumat pemerintah tanggal 14
November 1945 jelas merupakan penyimpangan dari ketentuan UUD 1945.
Penyimpangan ini sangat mempengaruhi stabilitas politik maupun pemerintahan.
Dalam kondisi seperti ini kemudian berdiri Negara RIS, dimana Negara Indonesia
merupakan bagian dari Negara RIS tersebut. Secara de facto Negara RI memiliki
kekuasaan hanya sebagian pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, pusat pemerintahan di
Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Negara
federal RIS tidak bertahan lama, mulai tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 susunan negara
federal RIS berubah menjadi susunan Negara Kesatuan RI. Tetapi menggunakan
Undang-Undang Dasar yang lain yaitu menggunakan UUD Sementara 1950. Menurut
UUDS, sistem pemerintahan yang dianut adalah parlementer bukan sistem
pemerintahan presidensial. Pertanggungjawaban para menteri itu juga kepada
parlemen yaitu DPR. Kedudukan Presiden tidak dapat diganggu gugat. Landasan
pemikiran sistem pemerintahan itu didasarkan kepada demokrasi liberal yang
dianut oleh negara-negara barat sedangkan sistem presidensial berpijak pada
landasan demokrasi pancasila yang berintikan kerakyatan dan Presiden yang
bertanggungjawab kepada MPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UUD
1945 merupakan hukum dasar terpilih yang bersifat mengikat bagi pemerintah,
lembaga negara, lembaga masyarakat dan setiap warga negara Indonesia, sehinggga
semua produk hukum seperti Undang-Undang, Peraturan Pemerintah, serta kebijakan
Pemerintah harus selalu berdasarkan dan bersumber kepada norma, aturan dan
ketentuan yang diberlakukan oleh UUD 1945 di samping hukum dasar yang tertulis
terdapat juga hukum dasar yang tak tertulis, yaitu aturan-aturan yang timbul
dan terpelihara dalam praktek penyelenggaraan negara yang disebut konvensi,
dimana dalam pelaksanaannya tidak boleh bertentangan dengan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sejak
dikeluarkan Dekrit Presiden tanggal 5 Juli 1959, yang disebabkan oleh tidak
terjaminnya stabilitas politik, keamanan maupun ekonomi, Konstituante (hasil
Pemilu 1955) yang mempunyai tugas untuk membuat UUD pengganti UUDS 1950 gagal
menyusun dan menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar. Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959
mengandung beberapa diktum yang sangat penting, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menetapkan
pembubaran konstituante<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Menetapkan
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 berlaku lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pmebentukan
MPRS yang terdiri atas anggota-anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat ditambah
utusan-utusan dari daerah-daerah dan golongan serta DPA sementara segera
diselenggarakan sidang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Masa
antara tahun 1959 sampai 1965 (Orde Lama) lembaga-lembaga negara belum dibentuk
seperti yang ditentukan oleh UUD 1945. Lembaga-lembaga tersebut di atas
sifatnya masih sementara dan fungsinya juga belum sesuai dengan UUD 1945,
misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Presiden
telah mengeluarkan produk-produk legislatif yang mestinya berbentuk
Undang-Undang (dengan persetujuan DPR) dalam bentuk penetapan Presiden tanpa
persetujuan DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">MPRS
melalui ketetapan MPR No. II/MPRS/1963 mengangkat Presiden Soekarno seumur
hidup disini bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 yang menyatakan masa jabatan Presiden
5 tahun dan sesudahnya dipilih kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Hak
budjet DPR tidak berjalan karena pemerintah tidak mengajukan RUU APBN untuk
mendapatkan persetujuan DPR. Bahkan pada tahun 1960, karena DPR tidak
menyetujui RAPBN yang diajukan oleh pemerintah, maka Presiden lalu membubarkan
DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kekuasaan
peradilan menjadi tidak bebas campur tangan pemerintah hal ini terlihat dalam
Undang-Undang No. 19 tahun 1964 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok kekuasaan
kehakiman dimana pasal 19 menyatakan bahwa Presiden dapat turun atau campur
tangan dalam soal-soal peradilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Beberapa
akibat kasus penyimpangan UUD 1945 tersebut membawa buruknya keadaan politik
dan keamanan serta kemerosotan dibidang ekonomi. Keadaan demikian mencapai
puncaknya pada pemberontakan G-30-S PKI yang gagal pada tahun 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Kurun
waktu Orde Baru tahun 1966 sampai 1998 yang mempunyai tekad melaksanakan
Pancasila dan UUD 1945 secara murni dan konsekuen. Karena telah terbukti bahwa
pemberontakan G-30-S yang didalangi oleh PKI maka rakyat menghendaki dan
menuntut PKI dibubarkan. Namun pada waktu itu pimpinan negara tidak mau
memenuhi tuntutan rakyat sehingga timbul situasi konflik antara rakyat satu
pihak dan Presiden di lain pihak. Keadaan dibidang politik, ekonomi, dan
keamanan semakin tidak terkendali. Oleh karena itu, rakyat dengan dipelopori
oleh pemuda/mahasiswa menyampaikan tuntutannya yaitu Tri Tuntutan Rakyat
(TRITURA) yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bubarkan
PKI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Bersihkan
kabinet dari unsur-unsur PKI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Turnkan
harga-harga/perbaikan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Gerakan
TRITURA semakin meningkat sehingga Presiden mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Sebelas
Maret 1966 kepada Letnan Jendral TNI Soeharto, dengan lahirnya SUPERSEMAR oleh
rakyat dianggap sebagai lahirnya Orde Baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Dengan
berlandaskan pada Surat Perintah 11 Maret 1966, pengemban SUPERSEMAR pada
tanggal 12 Maret 1966 membubarkan PKI dan ormas-ormasnya. Dalam masa ini telah
dapat berhasil melaksanakan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 dalam hal pembentukan
lembaga-lembaga negara dan lain-lain, namun perkembangan lebih lanjut Orde Baru
di dalam melaksanakan kekuasaan negara/pemerintah, sejalan dengan proses yang
dihadapi ternyata terjadi penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang terlihat kepada
pelaksanaan kekuasaan pemerintah mengarah otoriter. Dari pemerintah otoriter
ini muncul terjadinya konflik horisontal maupun vertikal yang diakhiri oleh
lengsernya Presiden Soeharto tanggal 21 Mei 1998, kemudian beralih kepada
pemerintah reformasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">UUD
1945 pada masa era globalisasi yang ditandai oleh reformasi berawal dari
ketetapan MPR RI No. IV/MPR/1999 tentang GHBN kemudian disusul oleh TAP MPR
yang lain. Dari segi pengembangan hukum terlihat pada TAP MPR No. III/MPR/2000
tentang sumber hukum dan tata urutan peraturan perundangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sejak
adanya amandemen UUD 1945 yang pertama, tersirat materi muatan konstitusi hanya
diatur dalam UUD 1945 kemudian amandemen tersebut sampai perubahan keempat,
secara lengkap proses amandemen pasal-pasal dimaksud dapat diperhatikan pada
lampiran. Di dalam era reformasi ini, Pancasila tetap dipertahankan sebagai
Dasar Negara dan Pancasila sebagai ideologi nasional ayng merupakan cita-cita
dari tujuan negara. Di dalam pengembangan lebih lanjut bahwa Pancasila sebagai
paradigma yaitu merupakan pola pikir atau kerangka berpikir, di sini
menunjukkan bahwa pembukaan UUD 1945 memiliki peranan penting yang menjadi satu
kesatuan bersama UUD 1945. Menyangkut amandemen UUD 1945 dimaksud diantaranya
adalah untuk menghadapi perkembangan yang begitu cepat terjadi di dunia ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-Undang
Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, adalah konstitusi negara Republik
Indonesia yang disahkan sebagai undang-undang dasar negara oleh PPKI pada
tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, yang pada kurun waktu tahun 1999-2002, UUD 1945
mengalami 4 kali perubahan (amandemen), yang merubah susunan lembaga-lembaga
dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia adalah
Negara demokrasi yang berdasarkan atas hukum. Oleh karena itu, dalam segala
aspek pelaksanaan dan penyelenggaraan Negara diatur dalam sistem peraturan
perundang-undangan. Hal inilah yang dimaksud dengan pengertian Pancasila dalam
konteks ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita sebagai
bangsa Indonesia, supaya mampu mencermati nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam
Pancasila. Dalam konteks kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, sebagai masyarakat
madani, yaitu masyarakat yang tidak buta akan posisi dasar negara, hendaknya
kita bisa mengaplikasikan semua aspek-aspek yang terkandung dalam Pancasila
kedalam kehidupan sehari-hari. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpangan-penyimpangan
terhadap nilai-nilai hukum, baik itu yang sudah tertulis dan tertuang dalam
kitab perundang-undangan maupun yang sudah mengalir dalam konvensi, perlu
adanya suatu evaluasi untuk menciptakan suasana masyaakat yang kondusif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-80251946282326223372012-02-11T21:02:00.000-08:002012-02-11T21:02:44.178-08:00MAKALAH PANCASILA SEBAGAI SISTEM FILSAFAT<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puji dan
syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan YME atas limpahan rahmat dan
karunia-Nya kepada penulis, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang
berjudul “Falsafah Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara
Indonesia” ini dengan lancar. Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk
memenuhi salah satu tugas yang diberikan oleh dosen pengampu matakuliah Pendidikan
Pancasila Bapak </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M. Yudi Batubara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makalah ini
ditulis dari hasil penyusunan data-data sekunder yang penulis peroleh dari
infomasi dari media elektronik yang berhubungan dengan falsafah Pancasila
sebagai dasar falsafah negara Indonesia, tak lupa penyusun ucapkan terima kasih
kepada pengajar matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila atas bimbingan dan arahan dalam
penulisan makalah ini. Juga kepada rekan-rekan mahasiswa yang telah mendukung
sehingga dapat diselesaikannya makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis
harap, dengan membaca makalah ini dapat memberi manfaat bagi kita semua, dalam
hal ini dapat menambah wawasan kita mengenai Pancasila yang ditinjau dari aspek
filsafat atau falsafah, khususnya bagi penulis. Memang makalah ini masih jauh
dari sempurna, maka penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari pembaca demi
perbaikan menuju arah yang lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Latar Belakang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai
dasar negara, Pancasila kembali diuji ketahanannya dalam era reformasi
sekarang. Merekahnya matahari bulan Juni 1945, 63 tahun yang lalu disambut
dengan lahirnya sebuah konsepsi kenengaraan yang sangat bersejarah bagi bangsa
Indonesia, yaitu lahirnya Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai
falsafah negara, tentu Pancasila ada yang merumuskannya. Pancasila memang
merupakan karunia terbesar dari Allah SWT dan ternyata merupakan light-star
bagi segenap bangsa Indonesia di masa-masa selanjutnya, baik sebagai pedoman
dalam memperjuangkan kemerdekaan, juga sebagai alat pemersatu dalam hidup
kerukunan berbangsa, serta sebagai pandangan hidup untuk kehidupan manusia
Indonesia sehari-hari, dan yang jelas tadi telah diungkapkan sebagai dasar
serta falsafah negara Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila
telah ada dalam segala bentuk kehidupan rakyat Indonesia, terkecuali bagi
mereka yang tidak Pancasilais. Pancasila lahir 1 Juni 1945, ditetapkan pada 18
Agustus 1945 bersama-sama dengan UUD 1945. Bunyi dan ucapan Pancasila yang
benar berdasarkan Inpres Nomor 12 tahun 1968 adalah satu, Ketuhanan Yang Maha
Esa. Dua, Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Tiga, Persatuan Indonesia. Empat,
Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam
permusyawaratan/perwakilan. Dan kelima, Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah
Indonesia telah mencatat bahwa di antara tokoh perumus Pancasila itu ialah, Mr
Mohammad Yamin, Prof Mr Soepomo, dan Ir Soekarno. Dapat dikemukakan mengapa
Pancasila itu sakti dan selalu dapat bertahan dari guncangan kisruh politik di
negara ini, yaitu pertama ialah karena secara intrinsik dalam Pancasila itu
mengandung toleransi, dan siapa yang menantang Pancasila berarti dia menentang
toleransi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua,
Pancasila merupakan wadah yang cukup fleksibel, yang dapat mencakup faham-faham
positif yang dianut oleh bangsa Indonesia, dan faham lain yang positif tersebut
mempunyai keleluasaan yang cukup untuk memperkembangkan diri. Yang ketiga,
karena sila-sila dari Pancasila itu terdiri dari nilai-nilai dan norma-norma yang
positif sesuai dengan pandangan hidup bangsa Indonesia, dan nilai serta norma
yang bertentangan, pasti akan ditolak oleh Pancasila, misalnya Atheisme dan
segala bentuk kekafiran tak beragama akan ditolak oleh bangsa Indonesia yang
bertuhan dan ber-agama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diktatorisme
juga ditolak, karena bangsa Indonesia berprikemanusiaan dan berusaha untuk
berbudi luhur. Kelonialisme juga ditolak oleh bangsa Indonesia yang cinta akan
kemerdekaan. Sebab yang keempat adalah, karena bangsa Indonesia yang sejati
sangat cinta kepada Pancasila, yakin bahwa Pancasila itu benar dan tidak
bertentangan dengan keyakinan serta agamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
demikian bahwa falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara Indonesia yang
harus diketahui oleh seluruh warga negara Indonesia agar menghormati,
menghargai, menjaga dan menjalankan apa-apa yang telah dilakukan oleh para
pahlawan khususnya pahlawan proklamasi yang telah berjuang untuk kemerdekaan
negara Indonesia ini. Sehingga baik golongan muda maupun tua tetap meyakini
Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Indonesia tanpa adanya keraguan guna memperkuat
persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa dan negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Perumusan Masalah</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Dengan
memperhatikan latar belakang tersebut, agar dalam penulisan ini penulis
memperoleh hasil yang diinginkan, maka penulis mengemukakan
bebe-rapa rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah itu adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah landasan filosofis Pancasila?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
fungsi utama filsfat Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
bukti bahwa falsafah Pancasila dijadikan sebagai dasar falsafah negara
Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Tujuan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari
penyusunan makalah ini antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
memenuhi tugas Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
menambah pengetahuan tentang Pancasila dari aspek filsafat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengetahui landasan filosofis Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengetahui fungsi utama filsafat Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengetahui bukti bahwa falsafah Pancasila dijadikan sebagai dasar falsafah
negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Manfaat</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Manfaat
yang didapat dari makalah ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahasiswa
dapat menambah pengetahuan tentang Pancasila dari aspek filsafat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahasiswa
dapat mengetahui landasan filosofis Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahasiswa
dapat mengetahui fungsi utama filsafat Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahasiswa
dapat mengetahui bukti bahwa falsafah Pancasila dijadikan sebagai dasar
falsafah negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Ruang Lingkup</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makalah ini
membahas mengenai landasan filosofis Pancasila dan fungsi utama filsafat
Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara Indonesia. Serta membahas mengenai bukti bahwa
falsafah Pancasila dijadikan sebagai dasar falsafah negara Indonesia.
Berdasarkan beberapa masalah yang teridentifikasi tersebut, makalah ini
difokuskan pada falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">METODE PENULISAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Objek Penulisan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Objek
penulisan makalah ini adalah mengenai falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah
negara Indonesia. Dalam makalah ini dibahas mengenai landasan filosofis
Pancasila, fungsi utama filsafat Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara Indonesia,
dan bagaimana falsafah Pancasila dijadikan sebagai dasar falsafah negara
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Dasar Pemilihan Objek</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Makalah
ini membahas mengenai falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara
Indonesia. Falsafah Pancasila adalah hasil berpikir/pemikiran yang
sedalam-dalamnya dari bangsa Indonesia yang dianggap, dipercaya dan diyakini
sebagai sesuatu (kenyataan, norma-norma, nilai-nilai) yang paling benar, paling
adil, paling bijaksana, paling baik dan paling sesuai bagi bangsa Indonesia.
Maka dari itu masyarakat perlu mengetahui bahwa falsafah Pancasila dijadikan
sebagai falsafah negara Indonesia yang terdapat dalam beberapa dokumen historis
dan di dalam perundang-undangan negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Metode Pengumpulan Data</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
pembuatan makalah ini, metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kaji
pustaka terhadap bahan-bahan kepustakaan yang sesuai dengan permasalahan yang
diangkat dalam makalah ini yaitu dengan tema wawasan kebangsaan. Sebagai
referensi juga diperoleh dari situs web internet yang membahas mengenai
falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Metode
Analisis</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Penyusunan
makalah ini berdasarkan metode deskriptif analistis, yaitu mengidentifikasi
permasalahan berdasarkan fakta dan data yanag ada, menganalisis permasalahan
berdasarkan pustaka dan data pendukung lainnya, serta mencari alternatif
pemecahan masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISIS PERMASALAHAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Landasan
Filosofis Pancasila</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pengertian Filsafat</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara etimologis istilah <i>”filsafat“</i> atau
dalam bahasa Inggrisnya<i>“philosophi”</i> adalah berasal dari bahsa
Yunani <i>“philosophia”</i> yang secara lazim diterjemahkan
sebagai <i>“cinta kearifan”</i> kata philosophia tersebut berakar
pada kata<i>“philos”</i> (pilia, cinta) dan <i>“sophia”</i> (kearifan).
Berdasarkan pengertian bahasa tersebut filsafat berarti cinta
kearifan. Kata kearifan bisa juga berarti <i>“wisdom”</i> atau
kebijaksanaan sehingga filsafat bisa juga berarti cinta kebijaksanaan.
Berdasarkan makna kata tersebut maka mempelajari filsafat berarti
merupakan upaya manusia untuk mencari kebijaksanaan hidup yang nantinya bisa
menjadi konsep kebijakan hidup yang bermanfaat bagi peradaban manusia. Seorang
ahli pikir disebut filosof, kata ini mula-mula dipakai oleh Herakleitos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan bijaksana memberikan kebenaran, orang,
yang mencintai pengetahuan bijaksana, karena itu yang mencarinya adalah oreang
yang mencintai kebenaran. Tentang mencintai kebenaran adalah karakteristik dari
setiap filosof dari dahulu sampai sekarang. Di dalam mencari kebijaksanaan itu,
filosof mempergunakan cara dengan berpikir sedalam-dalamnya (merenung). Hasil
filsafat (berpikir sedalam-dalamnya) disebut filsafat atau falsafah. Filsafat
sebagai hasil berpikir sedalam-dalamnya diharapkan merupakan suatu yang paling bijaksana
atau setidak-tidaknya mendekati kesempurnaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa tokoh-tokoh filsafat menjelaskan pengertian
filsafat adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• <b>Socrates
(469-399 s.M.)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filsafat adalah suatu bentuk peninjauan diri yang
bersifat reflektif atau berupa perenungan terhadap azas-azas dari kehidupan
yang adil dan bahgia. Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut dapat dikembangkan bahwa
manusia akan menemukan kebahagiaan dan keadilan jika mereka
mampu dan mau melakukan peninajauan diri atau refleksi diri sehingga
muncul koreksi terhadap diri secara obyektif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• <b>Plato
(472 – 347 s. M.)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam karya tulisnya “Republik” Plato menegaskan bahwa
para filsuf adalah pencinta pandangan tentang kebenaran (vision of truth).
Dalam pencarian dan menangkap pengetahuan mengenai ide yang abadi
dan tak berubah. Dalam konsepsi Plato filsafat merupakan pencarian yang
bersifat spekulatif atau perekaan terhadap pandangan tentang seluruh
kebenaran. Filsafat Plato ini kemudan digolongkan sebagai filsafat spekulatif.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pengertian Pancasila</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kata Pancasila<b> </b>berasal dari kata Sansakerta (Agama Buddha)
yaitu untuk mencapai Nirwana diperlukan 5 Dasar/Ajaran, yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan mencabut nyawa makhluk hidup/Dilarang membunuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan mengambil barang orang lain/Dilarang mencuri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan berhubungan kelamin/Dilarang berjinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan berkata palsu/Dilarang berbohong/berdusta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan mjnum yang menghilangkan pikiran/Dilarang
minuman keras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diadaptasi oleh orang jawa menjadi 5 M = Madat/Mabok, Maling/Nyuri,
Madon/Awewe, Maen/Judi, Mateni/Bunuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian
Pancasila Secara Etimologis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkataan Pancasil mula-mula terdapat dalam
perpustakaan Buddha yaitu dalam Kitab Tripitaka dimana dalam ajaran
buddha tersebut terdapat suatu ajaran moral untuk mencapai nirwana/surga
melalui Pancasila yang isinya 5 J [idem].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian
secara Historis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tanggal 01 Juni 1945 Ir. Soekarno berpidato tanpa
teks mengenai rumusan Pancasila sebagai Dasar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 Indonesia memproklamirkan
kemerdekaan, kemudian keesokan harinya 18 Agustus 1945 disahkanlah UUD 1945
termasuk Pembukaannya dimana didalamnya terdapat rumusan 5 Prinsip sebagai
Dasar Negara yang duberi nama Pancasila. Sejak saat itulah Pancasila menjadi
Bahasa Indonesia yang umum. Jadi walaupun pada Alinea 4 Pembukaan UUD 45 tidak
termuat istilah Pancasila namun yang dimaksud dasar Negara RI adalah disebut
istilah Pancasila hal ini didaarkan interprestasi (penjabaran) historis terutama
dalam rangka pembentukan Rumusan Dasar Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian
Pancasila Secara Termitologis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945 telah melahirkan Negara RI
untuk melengkapai alat2 Perlengkapan Negara PPKI mengadakan sidang pada tanggal
18 Agustus 1945 dan berhasil mengesahkan UUD 45 dimana didalam bagian Pembukaan
yang terdiri dari 4 Alinea didalamnya tercantum rumusan Pancasila. Rumusan
Pancasila tersebut secara Konstitusional sah dan benar sebagai dasar negara RI
yang disahkan oleh PPKI yang mewakili seluruh Rakyat Indonesia<br />
Pancasila Berbentuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hirarkis (berjenjang);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Piramid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Pancasila menurut Mr. Moh Yamin</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah yang
disampaikan di dalam sidang BPUPKI pada tanggal 29 Mei 1945 isinya sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prikebangsaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prikemanusiaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Priketuhanan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prikerakyatan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesejahteraan Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. Pancasila menurut Ir. Soekarno</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang
disampaikan pada tangal 1 Juni 1945 di depan sidang BPUPKI, sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasionalisme/Kebangsaan Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internasionalisme/Prikemanusiaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mufakat/Demokrasi;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesejahteraan Sosial;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan yang berkebudayaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Presiden Soekarno mengusulkan ke-5 Sila tersebut dapat diperas menjadi
Trisila yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sosio Nasional : Nasionalisme dan Internasionalisme;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sosio Demokrasi : Demokrasi dengan kesejahteraan
rakyat;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan YME.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan masih menurut Ir. Soekarno Trisila masih dapat diperas lagi menjadi
Ekasila atau Satusila yang intinya adalah Gotong Royong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. Pancasila menurut Piagam Jakarta </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang
disahkan pada tanggal 22 Juni 1945 rumusannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam
bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persatuan Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dan
permusyawaratan perwakilan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan dari bermacam-macam pengertian pancasila
tersebut yang sah dan benar secara Konstitusional adalah pancasila yang
tercantum dalam Pembukaan Uud 45, hal ini diperkuat dengan adanya ketetapan
MPRS NO.XXI/MPRS/1966 dan Inpres No. 12 tanggal 13 April 1968 yang menegaskan
bahwa pengucapan, penulisan dan Rumusan Pancasila Dasar Negara RI yang sah dan
benar adalah sebagai mana yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan Uud 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1.3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pengertian Filsafat Pancasila</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila dikenal sebagai filosofi Indonesia.
Kenyataannya definisi filsafat dalam filsafat Pancasila telah diubah dan
diinterpretasi berbeda oleh beberapa filsuf Indonesia. Pancasila dijadikan
wacana sejak 1945. Filsafat Pancasila senantiasa diperbarui sesuai dengan
“permintaan” rezim yang berkuasa, sehingga Pancasila berbeda dari waktu ke
waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"># <b>Filsafat Pancasila Asli</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila merupakan konsep adaptif filsafat Barat. Hal
ini merujuk pidato Sukarno di BPUPKI dan banyak pendiri bangsa merupakan alumni
Universitas di Eropa, di mana filsafat barat merupakan salah satu materi kuliah
mereka. Pancasila terinspirasi konsep humanisme, rasionalisme, universalisme,
sosiodemokrasi, sosialisme Jerman, demokrasi parlementer, dan nasionalisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"># <b>Filsafat Pancasila versi Soekarno</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filsafat Pancasila kemudian dikembangkan oleh Sukarno
sejak 1955 sampai berakhirnya kekuasaannya (1965). Pada saat itu Sukarno selalu
menyatakan bahwa Pancasila merupakan filsafat asli Indonesia yang diambil dari
budaya dan tradisi Indonesia dan akulturasi budaya India (Hindu-Budha), Barat
(Kristen), dan Arab (Islam). Menurut Sukarno “Ketuhanan” adalah asli berasal
dari Indonesia, “Keadilan Soasial” terinspirasi dari konsep Ratu Adil. Sukarno
tidak pernah menyinggung atau mempropagandakan “Persatuan”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"># <b>Filsafat Pancasila versi
Soeharto</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh Suharto filsafat Pancasila mengalami Indonesiasi.
Melalui filsuf-filsuf yang disponsori Depdikbud, semua elemen Barat
disingkirkan dan diganti interpretasinya dalam budaya Indonesia, sehingga
menghasilkan “Pancasila truly Indonesia”. Semua sila dalam Pancasila adalah asli
Indonesia dan Pancasila dijabarkan menjadi lebih rinci (butir-butir Pancasila).
Filsuf Indonesia yang bekerja dan mempromosikan bahwa filsafat Pancasila adalah
truly Indonesia antara lain Sunoto, R. Parmono, Gerson W. Bawengan, Wasito
Poespoprodjo, Burhanuddin Salam, Bambang Daroeso, Paulus Wahana, Azhary,
Suhadi, Kaelan, Moertono, Soerjanto Poespowardojo, dan Moerdiono.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan penjelasan diatas maka pengertian filsafat
Pancasila secara umum adalah hasil berpikir/pemikiran yang sedalam-dalamnya
dari bangsa Indonesia yang dianggap, dipercaya dan diyakini sebagai sesuatu
(kenyataan, norma-norma, nilai-nilai) yang paling benar, paling adil, paling
bijaksana, paling baik dan paling sesuai bagi bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalau dibedakan anatara filsafat yang religius dan non
religius, maka filsafat Pancasila tergolong filsafat yang religius. Ini berarti
bahwa filsafat Pancasila dalam hal kebijaksanaan dan kebenaran mengenal adanya
kebenaran mutlak yang berasal dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (kebenaran religius) dan
sekaligus mengakui keterbatasan kemampuan manusia, termasuk kemampuan
berpikirnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan kalau dibedakan filsafat dalam arti teoritis dan
filsafat dalam arti praktis, filsafast Pancasila digolongkandalam arti praktis.
Ini berarti bahwa filsafat Pancasila di dalam mengadakan pemikiran yang
sedalam-dalamnya, tidak hanya bertujuan mencari kebenaran dan kebijaksanaan,
tidak sekedar untukmemenuhi hasrat ingin tahu dari manusia yang tidak
habis-habisnya, tetapi juga dan terutama hasil pemikiran yang berwujud filsafat
Pancasila tersebut dipergunakan sebagai pedoman hidup sehari-hari (pandangan
hidup, filsafat hidup, way of the life, Weltanschaung dan sebgainya); agar
hidupnya dapat mencapai kebahagiaan lahir dan batin, baik di dunia maupun di
akhirat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selanjutnya filsafat Pancasila mengukur adanya
kebenran yang bermacam-macam dan bertingkat-tingkat sebgai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebenaran indra (pengetahuan biasa);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebenaran ilmiah (ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebenaran filosofis (filsafat);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebenaran religius (religi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk lebih meyakinkan bahwa Pancasila itu adalah
ajaran filsafat, sebaiknya kita kutip ceramah Mr.Moh Yamin pada Seminar
Pancasila di Yogyakarta tahun 1959 yang berjudul “Tinjauan Pancasila Terhadap
Revolusi Fungsional”, yang isinya anatara lain sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tinjauan Pancasila adalah tersusun secara harmonis
dalam suatu sistem filsafat. Marilah kita peringatkan secara ringkas bahwa
ajaran Pancasila itu dapat kita tinjau menurut ahli filsafat ulung, yaitu
Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) bapak dari filsafat Evolusi Kebendaan seperti
diajarkan oleh Karl Marx (1818-1883) dan menurut tinjauan Evolusi Kehewanan
menurut Darwin Haeckel, serta juga bersangkut paut dengan filsafat kerohanian
seperti diajarkan oleh Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Hegel hakikat filsafatnya ialah suatu sintese
pikiran yang lahir dari antitese pikiran. Dari pertentangan pikiran lahirlah
paduan pendapat yang harmonis. Dan ini adalah tepat. Begitu pula denga ajaran
Pancasila suatu sintese negara yang lahir dari antitese.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saya tidak mau menyulap. Ingatlah kalimat pertama dan
Mukadimah UUD Republik Indonesia 1945 yang disadurkan tadi dengan bunyi: Bahwa
sesungguhanya kemerdekaan itu ialah hak segala bangsa. Oleh sebab itu
penjajahan harus dihapusakan karena bertentangan dengan perikemanusiaan dan
perikeadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalimat pertama ini adalah sintese yaitu antara
penjajahan dan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan. Pada saat sintese sudah
hilang, maka lahirlah kemerdekaan. Dan kemerdekaan itu kita susun menurut
ajaran falsafah Pancasila yang disebutkan dengan terang dalam Mukadimah
Konstitusi R.I. 1950 itu yang berbunyi: Maka dengan ini kami menyusun
kemerdekaan kami itu, dalam suatu Piagam Negara yang berbentuk Republik
Kesatuan berdasarkan ajaran Pancasila. Di sini disebut sila yang lima
untukmewujudkan kebahagiaan, kesejahteraan dan perdamaian dunia dan
kemerdekaan. Kalimat ini jelas kalimat antitese. Sintese kemerdekaan dengan
ajaran Pancasila dan tujuan kejayaan bangsa yang bernama kebahagiaan dan
kesejajteraan rakyat. Tidakah ini dengan jelas dan nyata suatu sintese pikiran
atas dasar antitese pendapat?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi sejajar denga tujuan pikiran Hegel beralasanlah
pendapat bahwa ajaran Pancasila itu adalah suatu sistem filosofi, sesuai dengan
dialektis Neo-Hegelian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua sila itu adalah susunan dalam suatu perumahan
pikiran filsafat yang harmonis. Pancasila sebagai hasil penggalian Bung Karno
adalah sesuai pula dengan pemandangan tinjauan hidup Neo-Hegelian. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Fungsi
Utama Filsafat Pancasila Bagi Bangsa Dan Negara Indonesia</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Filasafat
Pancasila Sebagai Pandangan Hidup Bangsa Indonesia</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiapa bangsa yang ingin berdiri kokoh dan mengetahui
dengan jelas ke arah mana tujuan yang ingin dicapainya sangat memerlukan
pandangan hidup (filsafata hidup). Dengan pandangan hidup inilah sesuatu bangsa
akan memandang persoalan-persoalan yang dihadapinya dan menentukan arah serta
cara bagaimana memecahkan persoalan-persoalan tadi. Tanpa memiliki pandangan
hidup maka suatu bangsa akan merasa terombang-ambing dalam menghadapi
persoalan-persoalan besar yang pasti akan timbul, baik persoalan-persoalan di dalam
masyarakatnya sendiri, maupun persoalan-persoalan besar umat manusia dalam
pergaulan masyarakat bangsa-bangsa di dunia ini. Dengan pandangan hidup yang
jelas sesuatu bangsa akan memiliki pegangan dan pedoman bagaimana ia memecahkan
masalah-masalah polotik, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya yang timbul dalam gerak
masyarakat yang makin maju. Dengan berpedoman pada pandangan hidup itu pula
suatu bangsa akan membangun dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam pergaulan hidup itu terkandung konsep dasar
mengenai kehidupan yang dicita-citakan oleh suatu bangsa, terkandung
pikiran-pikiran yang terdalam dan gagasan sesuatu bangsa mengenai wujud
kehidupan yang dianggap baik. Pada akhirnyta pandangan hidup sesuatu bangsa
adalah kristalisasi dari nilai-nilai yang dimiliki suatu bangsa itu sendiri,
yang diyakini kebenarannya dan menimbulkan tekad pada bangsa itu untuk
mewujudkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita merasa bersyukur bahwa pendahulu-pendahulu kita,
pendiri-pendiri Republik ini dat memuaskan secara jelas apa sesungguhnya
pandangan hidup bangsa kita yang kemudian kita namakan Pancasila. Seperti yang
ditujukan dalam ketetapan MPR No. II/MPR/1979, maka Pancasila itu adalah jiwa
seluruh rakyat Indonesia, pandangan hidup bangsa Indonesia dan dasar negara
kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disamping itu maka bagi kita Pancasila sekaligus
menjadi tujuan hidup bangsa Indonesia. Pancasila bagi kita merupakan pandangan
hidup, kesadaran dan cita-cita moral yang meliputi kejiwaan dan watak yang
sudah beurat/berakar di dalam kebudayaan bangsa Indonesia. Ialah suatu
kebudayaan yang mengajarkan bahwa hidup manusia ini akan mencapai kebahagiaan
jika kita dapat baik dalam hidup manusia sebagai manusia dengan alam dalam
hubungan manusia dengan Tuhannya, maupun dalam mengejar kemajuan lahiriyah dan
kebahagiaan rohaniah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Indonesia lahir sesudah melampaui perjuangan
yang sangat panjang, dengan memberikan segala pengorbanan dan menahan segala
macam penderitaan. Bangsa Indonesia lahir menurut cara dan jalan yang
ditempuhnya sendiri yang merupakan hasil antara proses sejarah di masa lampau,
tantangan perjuangan dan cita-cita hidup di masa datang yang secara keseluruhan
membentuk kepribadian sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab itu bnagsa Indonesia lahir dengan kepribadiannya
sendiri yang bersamaan lahirnya bangsa dan negara itu, kepribadian itu
ditetapkan sebagai pandangan hidup dan dasar negara Pancasila. Karena itulah,
Pancasila bukan lahir secara mendadak pada tahun 1945, melainkan telah
berjuang, denga melihat pengalaman bangsa-bangsa lain, dengan diilhami dengan
oleh gagasan-gagasan besar dunia., dengan tetap berakar pada kepribadian bangsa
kita dan gagasan besar bangsa kita sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena Pancasila sudah merupakan pandangan hidup yang
berakar dalam kepribadian bangsa, maka ia diterima sebagai dasar negara yang
mengatur hidup ketatanegaraan. Hal ini tampak dalam sejarah bahwa meskipun
dituangkan dalam rumusan yang agak berbeda, namun dalam 3 buah UUD yang pernah
kita miliki yaitu dalam pembukaan UUD 1945, dalam Mukadimah UUD Sementara
Republik Indonesia 1950. Pancasila itu tetap tercantum didalamnya, Pancasila
yang lalu dikukuhkan dalam kehidupan konstitusional itu, Pancasila yang selalu
menjadi pegangan bersama saat-saat terjadi krisis nasional dan ancaman terhadap
eksistensi bangsa kita, merupakan bukti sejarah sebagai dasar kerohanian negar,
dikehendaki oleh bangsa Indonesia karena sebenarnya ia telah tertanam dalam
kalbunya rakyat. Oleh karena itu, ia juga merupakan dasasr yang mamapu
mempersatukan seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pancasila
Sebagai Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila yang dikukuhkan dalam sidang I dari BPPK
pada tanggal 1 Juni 1945 adalah di kandung maksud untuk dijadikan dasar bagi
negara Indonesia merdeka. Adapun dasar itu haruslah berupa suatu filsafat yang
menyimpulkan kehidupan dan cita-cita bangsa dan negara Indonesa yang merdeka.
Di atas dasar itulah akan didirikan gedung Republik Indonesia sebagai
perwujudan kemerdekaan politik yang menuju kepada kemerdekaan ekonomi, sosial
dan budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sidang BPPK telah menerima secara bulat Pancasila itu
sebagai dasar negara Indonesia merdeka. Dalam keputusan sidang PPKI kemudian
pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 Pancasila tercantum secara resmi dalam Pembukaan
UUD RI, Undang-Undang Dasar yang menjadi sumber ketatanegaraan harus mengandung
unsur-unsur pokok yang kuat yang menjadi landasan hidup bagi seluruh bangsa dan
negara, agar peraturan dasar itu tahan uji sepanjang masa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peraturan selanjutnya yang disusun untuk mengatasi dan
menyalurkan persoalan-persoalan yang timbul sehubungan dengan penyelenggaraan
dan perkembangan negara harus didasarkan atas dan berpedoman pada UUD.
Peraturan-peraturan yang bersumber pada UUD itu disebut peraturan-peraturan
organik yang menjadi pelaksanaan dari UUD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena Pancasila tercantum dalam UUD 1945 dan
bahkan menjiwai seluruh isi peraturan dasar tersebut yang berfungsi sebagai dasar
negara sebagaimana jelas tercantum dalam alinea IV Pembukaan UUD 1945 tersebut,
maka semua peraturan perundang-undangan Republik Indonesia (Ketetapan MPR,
Undang-undang, Peraturan Pemerintah sebagai pengganti Undang-undang, Peraturan
Pemerintah, Keputusan Presiden dan peraturan-peraturan pelaksanaan lainnya)
yang dikeluarkan oleh negara dan pemerintah Republik Indonesia haruslah pula
sejiwa dan sejalan dengan Pancasila (dijiwai oleh dasar negara Pancasila). Isi
dan tujuan dari peraturan perundang-undangan Republik Indonesia tidak boleh
menyimpang dari jiwa Pancasila. Bahkan dalam Ketetapan MPRS No. XX/MPRS/1966
ditegaskan, bahwa Pancasila itu adalah sumber dari segala sumber huum (sumber
huum formal, undang-undang, kebiasaan, traktaat, jurisprudensi, hakim, ilmu
pengetahuan hukum).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di sinilah tampak titik persamaan dan tujuan antara
jalan yang ditempuh oleh masyarakat dan penyusun peraturan-peraturan oleh
negara dan pemerintah Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adalah suatu hal yang membanggakan bahwa Indonesia
berdiri di atas fundamen yang kuat, dasar yang kokoh, yakni Pancasila dasar
yang kuat itu bukanlah meniru suatu model yang didatangkan dari luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar negara kita berakar pada sifat-sifat dan
cita-cita hidup bangsa Indonesia, Pancasila adalah penjelmaan dari kepribadian
bangsa Indonesia, yang hidup di tanah air kita sejak dahulu hingga sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila mengandung unsur-unsur yang luhur yang tidak
hanya memuaskan bangsa Indonesia sebagai dasar negara, tetapi juga dapat
diterima oleh bangsa-bangsa lain sebagai dasar hidupnya. Pancasila bersifat
universal dan akan mempengaruhi hidup dan kehidupan banga dan negara kesatuan
Republik Indonesia secara kekal dan abadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2.3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Pancasila
Sebagai Jiwa Dan Kepribadian Bangsa Indonesia</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Dewan Perancang Nasional, yang dimaksudkan
dengan kepribadian Indonesia ialah : Keseluruhan ciri-ciri khas bangsa
Indonesia, yang membedakan bangsa Indonesia dengan bangsa-bangsa lainnya.
Keseluruhan ciri-ciri khas bangsa Indonesia adalah pencerminan dari garis
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bangsa Indonesia sepanjang masa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Garis pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bangsa Indonesia
yang ditentukan oleh kehidupan budi bangsa Indonesia dan dipengaruhi oleh
tempat, lingkungan dan suasana waktu sepanjang masa. Walaupun bangsa Indonesia
sejak dahulu kala bergaul dengan berbagai peradaban kebudayaan bangsa lain
(Hindu, Tiongkok, Portugis, Spanyol, Belanda dan lain-lain) namun kepribadian
bangsa Indonesia tetap hidup dan berkembang. Mungkin di sana-sini, misalnya di
daerah-daerah tertentu atau masyarakat kota kepribadian itu dapat dipengaruhi
oleh unsur-unsur asing, namun pada dasarnya bangsa Indonesia tetap hidup dalam
kepribadiannya sendiri. Bangsa Indonesia secara jelas dapat dibedakan dari
bangsa-bangsa lain. Apabila kita memperhatikan tiap sila dari Pancasila, maka
akan tampak dengan jelas bahwa tiap sila Pancasila itu adalah pencerminan dari
bangsa kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikianlah, maka Pancasila yang kita gali dari bumi
Indonsia sendiri merupakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar negara
kita, Republik Indonesia, yang merupakan sumber dari segala sumber hukum yang
berlaku di negara kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pandangan
hidup bangsa Indonesia yang dapat mempersatukan kita serta memberi petunjuk
dalam masyarakat kita yang beraneka ragam sifatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jiwa dan
kepribadian bangsa Indonesia, karena Pancasila memberikan corak yang khas
kepada bangsa Indonesia dan tak dapat dipisahkan dari bangsa Indonesia, serta
merupakan ciri khas yang dapat membedakan bangsa Indonesia dari bangsa yang
lain. Terdapat kemungkinan bahwa tiap-tiap sila secara terlepas dari yang lain
bersifat universal, yang juga dimiliki oleh bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia ini,
akan tetapi kelima sila yang merupakan satu kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan
itulah yang menjadi ciri khas bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan yang
akan dicapai oleh bangsa Indonesia, yakni suatu masyarakat adil dan makmur yang
merata material dan spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila di dalam wadah negara
kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang merdeka, berdaulat, bersatu dan berkedaulatan
rakyat dalam suasana perikehidupan bangsa yang aman, tenteram, tertib dan
dinamis serta dalam lingkungan pergaulan dunia yang merdeka, bersahabat, tertib
dan damai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian
luhur rakyat Indonesia yang disetujui oleh wakil-wakil rakyat Indonesia
menjelang dan sesudah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan yang kita junjung tinggi, bukan sekedar
karena ia ditemukan kembali dari kandungan kepribadian dan cita-cita bangsa
Indonesia yang terpendam sejak berabad-abad yang lalu, melainkan karena
Pancasila itu telah mampu membuktikan kebenarannya setelah diuji oleh sejarah
perjuangan bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu yang penting adalah bagaimana kita
memahami, menghayati dan mengamalkan Pancasila dalam segala segi kehidupan.
Tanpa ini maka Pancasila hanya akan merupakan rangkaian kata-kata indah yang
tertulis dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, yang merupakan perumusan yang beku dan mati,
serta tidak mempunyai arti bagi kehidupan bangsa kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila Pancasila tidak menyentuh kehidupan nyata,
tidak kita rasakan wujudnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, maka lambat laun
kehidupannya akan kabur dan kesetiaan kita kepada Pancasila akan luntur.
Mungkin Pancasila akan hanya tertinggal dalam buku-buku sejarah Indonesia.
Apabila ini terjadi maka segala dosa dan noda akan melekat pada kita yang hidup
di masa kini, pada generasi yang telah begitu banyak berkorban untuk menegakkan
dan membela Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akhirnya perlu juga ditegaskan, bahwa apabila
dibicarakan mengenai Pancasila, maka yang kita maksud adalah Pancasila yang
dirumuskan dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persatuan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan
dalam permusyawratan / perwakilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan Pancasila yang terdapat dalam Pembukaan UUD
1945 itulah yang kita gunakan, sebab rumusan yang demikian itulah yang
ditetapkan oleh wakil-wakil bangsa Indonesia pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 dalam
sidang Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti yang telah ditunjukkan oleh Ketetapan
MPR No. XI/MPR/1978, Pancasila itu merupakan satu kesatuan yang bulat dan
utuh dari kelima silanya. Dikatakan sebagai kesatuan yang bulat dan utuh,
karena masing-masing sila dari Pancasila itu tidak dapat dipahami dan diberi
arti secara sendiri-sendiri, terpisah dari keseluruhan sila-sila lainnya.
Memahami atau memberi arti setiap sila-sila secara terpisah dari sila-sila
lainnya akan mendatangkan pengertian yang keliru tentang Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Falsafah
Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Indonesia</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara
Indonesia, dapatlah kita temukan dalam beberapa dokumen historis dan di dalam
perundang-undangan negara Indonesia seperti di bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Pidato Ir. Soekarno tanggal 1 Juni 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Naskah Politik yang bersejarah, tanggal 22 Juni
1945 alinea IV yang kemudian dijadikan naskah rancangan Pembukaan UUD 1945
(terkenal dengan sebutan Piagam Jakarta).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam naskah Pembukaan UUD Proklamasi 1945, alinea IV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Mukadimah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat
(RIS) tanggal 27 Desember
1945, alinea IV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Mukadimah UUD Sementara Republik Indonesia (UUDS
RI) tanggal 17 Agustus 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 89.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, alinea IV setelah Dekrit
Presiden RI tanggal 5 Juli 1959.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenai perumusan dan tata urutan Pancasila yang
tercantum dalam dokumen historis dan perundang-undangan negara tersebut di atas
adalah agak berlainan tetapi inti dan fundamennya adalah tetap sama sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafat Negara Dalam Pidato
Tanggal 1 Juni 1945 Oleh Ir. Soekarno</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ir. Soekarno dalam pidatonya pada tanggal 1 Juni 1945
untuk pertamakalinya mengusulkan falsafah negara Indonesia dengan perumusan dan
tata urutannya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebangsaan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internasionalisme atau Prikemanusiaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mufakat atau Demokrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesejahteraan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Dalam Naskah
Politik Yang Bersejarah (Piagam Jakarta Tanggal 22 Juni 1945)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan Penyelidik Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPPK) yang
Istilah Jepangnya Dokuritsu Jumbi Cosakai, telah membentuk beberapa panitia
kerja yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panitia Perumus terdiri atas 9 orang tokoh, pada
tanggal 22 Juni 1945, telah berhasil menyusun sebuah naskah politik yang sangat
bersejarah dengan nama Piagam Jakarta, selanjutnya pada tanggal 18 Agustus
1945, naskah itulah yang ditetapkan sebagai naskah rancangan Pembukaan UUD
1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panitia Perancang Undang-Undang Dasar yang diketuai
oleh Ir. Soekarno yang kemudian membentuk Panitia Kecil Perancang UUD yang
diketuai oleh Prof. Mr. Dr. Soepomo, Panitia ini berhasil menyusun suatu
rancangan UUD-RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panitia Ekonomi dan Keuangan yang diketuai oleh Drs.
Mohammad Hatta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panitia Pembelaan Tanah Air, yang diketuai oleh
Abikusno Tjokrosujoso.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk pertama kalinya falsafah Pancasila sebagai
falsafah negara dicantumkan autentik tertulis di dalam alinea IV dengan
perumusan dan tata urutan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam
bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan
dalam permusyawaratan / perwakilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Dalam
Pembukaan UUD 1945</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesudah BPPK (Badan Penyelidik Persiapan Kemerdekaan)
merampungkan tugasnya dengan baik, maka dibubarkan dan pada
tanggal 9 Agustus 1945, sebagai
penggantinya dibentuk PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, dikumandangkan
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia oleh Ir. Soekarno di Pengangsaan Timur 56
Jakarta yang disaksikan oleh PPKI tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keesokan harinya pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 PPKI
mengadakan sidangnya yang pertama dengan mengambil keputusan penting :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mensahkan dan menetapkan Pembukaan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mensahkan dan menetapkan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih dan mengangkat Ketua dan Wakil Ketua PPKI
yaitu Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Mohammad Hatta, masing-masing sebagai Presiden RI
dan Wakil Presiden RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tugas pekerjaan Presiden RI untuk sementara waktu
dibantu oleh sebuah badan yaitu KNIP (Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) dan pada
tanggal 19 Agustus 1945 PPKI memutuskan, Pembagian wilayah Indonesia ke dalam 8
propinsi dan setiap propinsi dibagi dalam karesidenan-karesidenan. Juga
menetapkan pembentukan Departemen-departemen Pemerintahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Pembukaan UUD Proklamasi 1945 alinea IV yang
disahkan oleh PPPKI pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 itulah Pancasila dicantumkan
secara resmi, autentik dan sah menurut hukum sebagai dasar falsafah negara RI,
dengan perumusan dan tata urutan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan
dalam permusyawaratan / perwakilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Dalam
Mukadimah Konstitusi RIS 1949</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bertempat di Kota Den Haag (Netherland / Belanda)
mulai tanggal 23 Agustus sampai dengan tanggal 2 September 1949 diadakan KMB
(Konferensi Meja Bundar). Adapun delegasi RI dipimpin
oleh Drs.
Mohammad Hatta, delegasi BFO (Bijeenkomstvoor Federale Overleg) dipimpin oleh
Sutan Hamid Alkadrie dan delegasi Belanda dipimpin oleh Van Marseveen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai tujuan diadakannya KMB itu ialah untuk
menyelesaikan persengketaan antara Indonesia dengan Belanda secepatnya dengan
cara yang adil dan pengakuan akan kedaulatan yang penuh, nyata dan tanpa syarat
kepada RIS (Republik Indonesia Serikat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu hasil keputusan pokok dan penting dari KMB
itu, ialah bahwa pihak Kerajaan Belanda mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia
sepenuhnya tanpa syarat dan tidak dapat dicabut kembali oleh Kerajaan Belanda
dengan waktu selambat-lambatnya pada tanggal 30 Desember 1949.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikianlah pada tanggal 27 Desember 1949 di Amsterdam
Belanda, Ratu Yuliana menandatangani Piagam Pengakuan Kedaulatan Negara RIS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada waktu yang sama dengan KMB di Kota Den Haag, di
Kota Scheveningen (Netherland) disusun pula Konstitusi RIS yang mulai berlaku
pada tanggal 27 Desember 1949. Walaupun bentuk negara Indonesia telah berubah
dari negara Kesatuan RI menjadi negara serikat RIS dan Konstitusi RIS telah
disusun di negeri Belanda jauh dari tanah air kita, namun demikian Pancasila
tetap tercantum sebagai dasar falsafah negara di dalam Mukadimah pada alinea IV
Konstitusi RIS 1949, dengan perumusan dan tata urutan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prikemanusiaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebangsaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan Sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Dalam
Mukadimah UUD Sementara RI (UUDS-RI 1950)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejak Proklamasi Kemerdekaannya, bangsa Indonesia
menghendaki bentuk negara kesatuan (unitarisme) oleh karena bentuk negara
serikat (federalisme) tidaklah sesuai dengan cita-cita kebangsaan dan jiwa
proklamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikianlah semangat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa
Indonesia tetap membara dan meluap, sebagai hasil gemblengan para pemimpin
Indonesia sejak lahirnya Budi Oetomo pada tanggal 20 Mei 1908, kemudian
dikristalisasikan dengan Sumpah Pemuda 28 Oktober 1928, Satu Nusa, Satu Bangsa
dan Satu Bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena itu pengakuan kedaulatan negara RIS
menimbulkan pergolakan-pergolakan di negara-negara bagian RIS untuk bersatu
dalam bentuk negara kesatuan RI sesuai dengan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesuai KOnstitusi, negara federal RIS terdiri atas 16
negara bagian. Akibat pergolakan yang semakin gencar menuntut bergabung kembali
pada negara kesatuan Indonesia, maka sampai pada tanggal 5 April 1950 negara
federasi RIS, tinggal 3 (tiga) negara lagi yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RI Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara Sumatera Timur (NST).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara Indonesia Timur (NIT).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara federasi RIS tidak sampai setahun usianya, oleh
karena terhitung mulai tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 Presiden Soekarno menyampaikan
Naskah Piagam, pernyataan terbentuknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, yang
berarti pembubaran Negara Federal RIS (Republik Indonesia Serikat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada saat itu pula panitia yang diketuai oleh Prof.
Mr. Dr. Soepomo mengubah konstitusi RIS 1949 (196 Pasal) menjadi UUD RIS 1950
(147 Pasal).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan bentuk negara dan konstitusi RIS tidak
mempengaruhi dasar falsafah Pancasila, sehingga tetap tercantum dalam Mukadimah
UUDS-RI 1950, alinea IV dengan perumusan dan tata urutan yang sama dalam
Mukadimah Konstitusi RIS yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prikemanusiaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebangsaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan Sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila Sebagai Dasar Falsafah Negara Dalam
Pembukaan UUD 1945 Setelah Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 1953
tentang Pemilihan Umum untuk memilih anggota-anggota DPR dan Konstituante yang
akan menyusun UUD baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada akhir tahun 1955 diadakan pemilihan umum pertama
di Indonesia dan Konstituante yang dibentuk mulai bersidang pada tanggal 10
November 1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam perjalanan sejarah ketatanegaraan selanjutnya.
Konstituante gagal membentuk suatu UUD yang baru sebagai pengganti UUDS 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan kegagalan konstituante tersebut, maka pada
tanggal 5 Juli 1950 Presiden RI mengeluarkan sebuah Dekrit yang pada pokoknya
berisi pernyatan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembubaran Konstuante.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berlakunya kembali UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak berlakunya lagi UUDS 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akan dibentuknya dalam waktu singkat MPRS dan DPAS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan berlakunya kembali UUD 1945, secara yuridis,
Pancasila tetap menjadi dasar falsafah negara yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan
UUD 1945 alinea IV dengan perumusan dan tata urutan seperti berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persatuan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan
dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 12
Tahun 1968, tertanggal 13 April 1968, perihal : Penegasan tata urutan/rumusan
Pancasila yang resmi, yang harus digunakan baik dalam penulisan, pembacaan
maupun pengucapan sehari-hari. Instruksi ini ditujukan kepada : Semua Menteri
Negara dan Pimpinan Lembaga / Badan Pemerintah lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari pada Instruksi ini adalah sebagai
penegasan dari suatu keadaan yang telah berlaku menurut hukum, oleh karena
sesuai dengan asas hukum positif (Ius Contitutum) UUD 1945 adalah konstitusi
Indonesia yang berlaku sekarang. Dengan demikian secara yuridis formal
perumusan Pancasila yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 itulah yang harus
digunakan, walaupun sebenarnya tidak ada Instruksi Presiden RI No. 12/1968 tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. A.G. Pringgodigdo, SH dalam bukunya “Sekitar
Pancasila” peri-hal perumusan Pancasila dalam berbagai dokumentasi sejarah
mengatakan bahwa uraian-uraian mengenai dasar-dasar negara yang menarik
perhatian ialah yang diucapkan oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mr. Moh. Yamin pada tanggal 29 Mei 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. Mr. Dr. Soepomo pada tanggal 31 Mei 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ir. Soekarno pada tanggal 1 Juni 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Walaupun ketiganya mengusulkan 5 hal pokok untuk
sebagai dasar-dasar negara merdeka, tetapi baru Ir. Soekarno yang mengusulkan
agar 5 dasar negara itu dinamakan Pancasila dan bukan Panca Darma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jelaslah bahwa perumusan 5 dasar pokok itu oleh ketiga
tokoh tersebut dalam redaksi kata-katanya berbeda tetapi inti pokok-pokoknya
adalah sama yaitu Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, Prikemanusiaan atau internasionalisme,
Kebangsaan Indonesia atau persatuan Indonesia, Kerakyatan atau Demokrasi dan
Keadilan Sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ir. Soekarno dalam pidatonya tanggal 1 Juni 1945
menegaskan : Maksud Pancasila adalah philosophschegrondslag itulah fundament
falsafah, pikiran yang sedalam-dalamnya untuk di atasnya didirikan gedung
“Indonesia Merdeka Yang Kekal dan Abadi”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. Mr. Drs. Notonagoro dalam pidato Dies Natalis
Universitas Airlangga Surabaya pada tanggal 10 November 1955 menegaskan :
“Susunan Pancasila itu adalah suatu kebulatan yang bersifat hierrarchies dan
piramidal yang mengakibatkan adanya hubungan organis di antara 5 sila negara
kita”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. Mr. Muhammad Yamin dalam bukunya “Proklamasi dan
Konstitusi” (1951) berpendapat : “Pancasila itu sebagai benda rohani yang tetap
dan tidak berubah sejak Piagam Jakarta sampai pada hari ini”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudian pernyataan dan pendapat Prof. Mr. Drs.
Notonagoro dan Prof. Mr. Muhamamd Yamin tersebut diterima dan dikukuhkan oleh
MPRS dalam Ketetapan No. XX/MPRS/1960 jo Ketetapan No. V/MPR/1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Kesimpulan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
memperhatikan isi dalam pembahasan di atas, maka dapat penulis tarik kesimpulan
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filsafat Pancasila adalah hasil
berpikir/pemikiran yang sedalam-dalamnya dari bangsa Indonesia yang dianggap,
dipercaya dan diyakini sebagai sesuatu (kenyataan, norma-norma, nilai-nilai)
yang paling benar, paling adil, paling bijaksana, paling baik dan paling sesuai
bagi bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi utama filsafat Pancasila bagi bangsa dan negara
Indonesia yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filasafat Pancasila sebagai pandangan hidup bangsa
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Republik Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila sebagai jiwa dan kepribadian bangsa
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Falsafah Pancasila sebagai dasar falsafah negara
Indonesia, hal tersebut dapat dibuktikan dengan ditemukannya dalam beberapa
dokumen historis dan di dalam perundang-undangan negara Indonesia seperti di
bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Pidato Ir. Soekarno tanggal 1 Juni 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Naskah Politik yang bersejarah, tanggal 22 Juni
1945 alinea IV yang kemudian dijadikan naskah rancangan Pembukaan UUD 1945
(terkenal dengan sebutan Piagam Jakarta).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam naskah Pembukaan UUD Proklamasi 1945, alinea IV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Mukadimah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat
(RIS) tanggal 27 Desember 1945,
alinea IV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Mukadimah UUD Sementara Republik Indonesia (UUDS
RI) tanggal 17 Agustus 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, alinea IV setelah Dekrit
Presiden RI tanggal 5 Juli 1959.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Saran</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warganegara Indonesia merupakan sekumpulan orang yang
hidup dan tinggal di negara Indonesia Oleh karena itu sebaiknya warga negara
Indonesia harus lebih meyakini atau mempercayai, menghormati, menghargai
menjaga, memahami dan melaksanakan segala hal yang telah dilakukan oleh para
pahlawan khususnya dalam pemahaman bahwa falsafah Pancasila adalah sebagai
dasar falsafah negara Indonesia. Sehingga kekacauan yang sekarang terjadi ini
dapat diatasi dan lebih memperkuat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa dan negara
Indonesia ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-26608935716033860822012-02-11T20:57:00.000-08:002012-02-14T19:59:49.686-08:00Sistem Kendali, satu KOntakotor dan satu Motor, Untuk RUN - Joging<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
RUN JOGING</div>
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<br /></div>
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Kendali Run joging dalam sistem kendali motor adalah suat rangkaian yang dimana motor dapat dikendalikan dengan menggunakan kontaktor...</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
cara kerja rangkaian ini / kalimat kontrol adalah</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jika ON- RUN ditekan, kontaktor kerja, motor berputar, lampu hijau menyala, lampu merah mati.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jika OFF ditekan, kontaktor tidak bekerja, motor berhenti, lampu merah menyala, lamu hijau mati.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jika ON- JOG ditekan dan ditahan, kontaktor kerja, motor putar, lampu hijau menyala, lampu merah mati.</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
di bawah ini adalah rangakai - rangkaian yang digunakan antara lain :</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. Rangkaian KOntrol / kendali</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFU2JBJbww3rCUTD2PDnkYezpNhWIYP_ONHCnUe8PO2z73bwq9OHWwdNjR_fex4QDHuNI7JLiCDkk2qLwGxeLeEUxNmHtrUOqz00hMXGn8m5yfvWNtnu1Tk8BBj-g4nRJl-eHuuZvEheS/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFU2JBJbww3rCUTD2PDnkYezpNhWIYP_ONHCnUe8PO2z73bwq9OHWwdNjR_fex4QDHuNI7JLiCDkk2qLwGxeLeEUxNmHtrUOqz00hMXGn8m5yfvWNtnu1Tk8BBj-g4nRJl-eHuuZvEheS/s320/1.png" width="228" /></a></div>
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2. Kalimat kontrol </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglcIRrdsc6Bf9e4EnTmgou1g0JcBlc9riunXqKYCaEY_aDZC8Q1gQDr2mocDvrUXIRiKGDuS3o3HlzgZXaItHzsy084rBFh1nww768Mu1Vpdg8QX49wScm1B9Qh7DAmfW7L1gRfEehU9Ti/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglcIRrdsc6Bf9e4EnTmgou1g0JcBlc9riunXqKYCaEY_aDZC8Q1gQDr2mocDvrUXIRiKGDuS3o3HlzgZXaItHzsy084rBFh1nww768Mu1Vpdg8QX49wScm1B9Qh7DAmfW7L1gRfEehU9Ti/s320/2.png" width="228" /></a></div>
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3. Rangkaian Daya</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEoC2LlZmsrN0bTNPCrxsXs2lQhkH71wtFgqlnDqTgXIHr26Zyxd8aUeOGaErZc_M6yiyRNWcqdT_9FzhkkBPYD-0_R9U5_MA50_LVwsHAwHvboaNdAMeXl8J1qtOMFqZaqegbn5WNZfL/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEoC2LlZmsrN0bTNPCrxsXs2lQhkH71wtFgqlnDqTgXIHr26Zyxd8aUeOGaErZc_M6yiyRNWcqdT_9FzhkkBPYD-0_R9U5_MA50_LVwsHAwHvboaNdAMeXl8J1qtOMFqZaqegbn5WNZfL/s320/3.png" width="228" /></a></div>
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4. Pengawatan</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4bTOv7WJTV6vMfko0wqmx7epywvjPnS85RHZj2XUAeIpJg_aBRrOQyslw8NNSxfwB6sso42QNVlPK7yYWHLPC5HI0utfxWL54AdsKcfIFZUrC91EvVuvj_A6ilWK03x3h1P4XwlPELBA6/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4bTOv7WJTV6vMfko0wqmx7epywvjPnS85RHZj2XUAeIpJg_aBRrOQyslw8NNSxfwB6sso42QNVlPK7yYWHLPC5HI0utfxWL54AdsKcfIFZUrC91EvVuvj_A6ilWK03x3h1P4XwlPELBA6/s320/4.png" width="235" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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untuk download laporan instalasi tenaga klik <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?pq7jn61ouettf7f">disini wkwkwkw</a></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639770663226471746.post-27146614352392355322012-02-08T08:03:00.000-08:002012-02-08T08:03:09.902-08:00Program Penghitung nilai menggunakan Array berdimensi satu<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
PROGRAM</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Penghitung nilai</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
# include <conio.h><br />
# include <iostream.h><br />
# include <stdio.h><br />
# include <iomanip.h><br />
<br />
char lagi;<br />
<br />
main ()<br />
{<br />
do {<br />
int i,n, j,k,temp;<br />
char nama[100] [20];<br />
char namanew [100] [20];<br />
int ujian [5];<br />
int tugas [5];<br />
int aktif [5];<br />
int akhir [5];<br />
int awal [5];<br />
int ujiannew [5];<br />
int tugasnew [5];<br />
int aktifnew [5];<br />
clrscr();<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"Masukan jumlah siswa : ";<br />
cin>>n;<br />
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)<br />
{<br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"Data ke - "<<i<<endl;<br />
cout<<"Nama Siswa : ";gets (nama [i]);<br />
l1:cout<<"Masukkan nilai Aktif : "; cin>>aktif [i];<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if ((aktif[i] >100)&&(aktif[i] <0))<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"Maaf!!! nilai dalam Skala 0-100 \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"silahkan ulangi lagi \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto l1;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
l2:cout<<"Masukkan nilai Tugas : ";cin>>tugas [i];<br />
if ((tugas[i] >100)&&(tugas[i] <0))<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"Maaf!!! nilai dalam Skala 0-100 \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"silahkan ulangi lagi \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto l2;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
l3:cout<<"Masukkan nilai Ujian : ";cin>>ujian [i];<br />
if ((ujian[i] >100)&&(ujian[i] <0))<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"Maaf!!! nilai dalam Skala 0-100 \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<"silahkan ulangi lagi \n";<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>goto l3;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<br />
akhir [i] = (aktif [i] * 0.20) + (tugas [i] * 0.30) + (ujian [i] * 0.50);<br />
cout<<endl;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
cout<<"==========================================================================="<<endl;<br />
cout<<" DAFTAR NILAI AKHIR MAHASISWA D3 Elektro FT UM "<<endl;<br />
cout<<"==========================================================================="<<endl;<br />
cout<<"---------------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;<br />
cout<<"No. Nama Siswa Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai"<<endl;<br />
cout<<" Aktif Tugas Ujian Akhir"<<endl;<br />
cout<<"---------------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;<br />
<br />
for (j=1;j<=n;j++)<br />
{<br />
awal[j]=akhir[j];<br />
}<br />
for (j=1;j<=n;j++)<br />
{<br />
for (k=1;k<=j;k++)<br />
{<br />
if (akhir[j]>akhir[k])<br />
{<br />
temp=akhir[j];<br />
akhir[j]=akhir[k];<br />
akhir[k]=temp;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
for (j=1;j<=n;j++)<br />
{<br />
for (k=1;k<=n;k++)<br />
{<br />
if (awal[j]==akhir[k])<br />
{<br />
aktifnew[k]=aktif[j];<br />
tugasnew[k]=tugas[j];<br />
ujiannew[k]=ujian[j];<br />
strcpy(namanew[k],nama[j]);<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}<br />
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(6)<<i;<br />
cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(20)<<namanew [i];<br />
cout<<setprecision(2)<<"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"<<aktifnew[i];<br />
cout<<setprecision(2)<<"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> "<<tugasnew[i];<br />
cout<<setprecision(2)<<"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> "<<ujiannew[i];<br />
cout<<setprecision(2)<<"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> "<<akhir[i]<<endl;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
cout<<"---------------------------------------------------------------------------";<br />
cout<<endl;<br />
cout<<"Ulang Kembali (Y/T)?\a "; //pilihan perulangan<br />
cin>>lagi;<br />
}<br />
while ((lagi=='Y')||(lagi=='y'));<br />
}<br />
<br />
Gambar tampilan :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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